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Is the video card also called the monitor adapter card? As an important part of computer host, graphics card is very important for people who like to play games and engage in professional graphic design. At present, the graphic chip suppliers of civil graphics cards mainly include ATI and nVIDIA. ? What is the basic composition of a graphics card? GPU？ The full name is graphics processing unit, which is translated as "graphics processor" in Chinese. NVIDIA first proposed the concept when it released GeForce 256 graphics processing chip. GPU reduces the dependence of graphics card on CPU and does some work of the original CPU, especially in 3D graphics processing. The core technology adopted by GPU is hardware T&; Cube environment material mapping and vertex blending, texture compression and T& mapping, dual texture four-pixel 256-bit rendering engine, etc. , and hardware T &；; L technology can be said to be the symbol of GPU. ? Display card? The basic function of the graphics card is to control the graphic output of the computer. Only when the video card is connected to the monitor can we see the image on the display screen. Graphics card consists of display chip, display memory, RAMDAC, etc. These components determine the output on the computer screen, including screen speed, color and display resolution. Graphics cards, from the early monochrome graphics cards, color graphics cards, enhanced graphics cards to VGA (video graphics array) display graphics array, are all IBM-led graphics card specifications. The resolution of VGA is 720*400 in text mode, 640*480* 16 in drawing mode and 320*200*256 in color mode, and this 256-color display mode has become the * * * same standard for later graphics cards, so we generally call graphics cards VGA. Later, various display chip manufacturers made more efforts to improve the display capability of VGA, and some terms such as SVGA(SuperVGA) and XGA(eXtended Graphic Array) appeared. In recent years, display chip manufacturers have integrated 3D functions with VGA to become what we call 3D accelerator cards and 3D graphics cards. ? Pixel filling rate? The maximum pixel filling rate is the 3D clock multiplied by the number of rendering processes. For example, NVIDIA's GeForce 2 GTS chip has a core frequency of 200 MHz and has four rendering pipelines, each of which contains two texture units. Then its filling rate is 4x2 pixels x2 billion/sec =16 billion pixels/sec. The pixels here make up the picture we see on the display screen. At the resolution of 800x600, a single * * has 800x600 = 480,000 pixels, and so on, with the resolution of 1024x768 and 1024 x768 = 786432 pixels. We often set the resolution when playing games and using some graphics software. The higher the resolution, the more pixels the display chip renders, so the filling rate is of great significance to measure the performance of a graphics card. Just now, we calculated that the filling rate of GTS is 65.438+0.6 billion pixels per second. Let's look at MX200 again. Its standard core frequency is 175, and there are only two rendering pipelines, so its filling rate is 2x2 pixels x 65438+7500 million pixels/sec = 700 million pixels/sec, which is an important reason why its performance is half that of GTS. ? Displays the abbreviation of memory. As the name implies, its main function is to temporarily store the data to be processed by the display chip and the processed data. The stronger the performance of the graphics core, the more video memory is needed. In the past, the main memory was SDR, and the capacity was not large. At present, the market is basically DDR specifications, and some high-end cards use DDRII or DDRIII generation memory with better performance (DDRII is not better at present, but the worst one). ? Two major interface technologies? AGP interface? Accelerate Graphical Port is a video interface technology standard developed by Intel company, which is an interface technology developed to solve the low bandwidth of PCI bus. By connecting the graphics card to the main memory of the system, it directly opens up a faster bus between CPU and graphics processor. Its development has experienced AGP 1.0(AGP 1X/2X), AGP2.0(AGP4X) and AGP3.0(AGP8X). The theoretical bandwidth of the latest AGP8X is 2. 1Gbit/ sec. ? PCI Express interface? PCI Express is a new generation bus interface, and the graphics card products using this interface have been officially launched in 2004. As early as the spring "Intel Developer Forum" of 200 1, Intel put forward a new generation technology to replace the internal connection between PCI bus and various chips, and called it the third generation I/O bus technology. Subsequently, at the end of 20001,more than 20 leading companies in the industry, including Intel, AMD, DELL and IBM, began to draft specifications for new technologies, which were completed in 2002 and officially named PCI Express. The theoretical speed is above 10Gbit, so the gap has been almost played by PCIE. However, just like PCI replacing ISA, it will take some time, and it must be a northbridge above 9 15 to support PCIE, so it can be predicted that PCIE will take a long time to replace AGP. ? The hottest dual-card technology now? SLI？ Scanning line interlacing technology is a technology applied by 3dfx company to Voodoo. It connects two voodoo cards with SLI line. At work, one voodoo card is responsible for scanning odd lines on the rendered screen, and the other is responsible for scanning even lines. By "connecting" the two graphics cards together, the performance is "doubled". ? Mainstream software special effects DirectX? DirectX is not a simple graphic API, but a widely used API developed by Microsoft. It includes direct graphics (direct3d+directdraw), direct input, direct play, direct sound, direct display, direct setting, direct media object and so on. It provides a complete multimedia interface scheme. It's just that its outstanding performance in 3D graphics makes other aspects of it look bleak. DirectX was originally developed to make up for the lack of graphics and sound processing ability of Windows 3. 1 system, and now it has developed into an interface that has a decisive influence on all aspects of the whole multimedia system. ? Direct3D？ DirectX is a multimedia development software package developed and released by Microsoft. Some of them are called DirectDraw, which is a graphics rendering API that provides powerful access and processing capabilities for graphics. In DirectDraw, some functions related to 3D graphics are integrated, which is called Direct3D. Probably because it was written by Microsoft, some people say it will become the standard of 3D graphics. ? OpenGL？ OpenGL is the abbreviation of OpenGraphicsLib, a set of three-dimensional graphics processing libraries, and an industrial standard in this field. Computer three-dimensional graphics refers to the technology that the three-dimensional space described by data is converted into two-dimensional images by calculation and displayed or printed. OpenGL is a library that supports this transformation. It originated from IRIS GL developed by SGI for its graphics workstation, and developed into OpenGL in the process of cross-platform transplantation. SGI released the version of 1.0 in July of 1992, which became an industrial standard and was controlled by the independent consortium OpenGL Architecture Review Committee (ARB) established by 1992. Members of ARB, such as SGI, produce standards by voting, and formulate and publish standard documents, and various software and hardware manufacturers develop their own system implementation accordingly. Only the implementation that has passed all the tests of ARB specification can be called OpenGL. 199565438+February ARB approved version 1. 1, and the latest version specification is 1.2. 1 adopted by 1999.5.

Computer main board structure is complex, with high failure rate and scattered failure distribution. According to the source of failure, motherboard failure can be divided into power failure, bus failure, component failure and so on. The main causes of motherboard failure include the following.

Open my computer-right-click the system disk-Properties-Disk Cleanup-Other options-click Cleanup in the System Restore bar-select Yes-OK?

6. After all kinds of software and hardware are installed properly, XP rarely needs to update files. Delete the system backup file: Start → Run → sfc.exe/Purge Cache nearly 3xxM. The purpose of this command is to clear the Windows File Protection file cache immediately and release the space it occupies?

7. Delete the dll file under \windows\system32\dllcache (minus 200——300mb). This is a backup dll file. As long as you copy the installation file, you can do it completely. ?

8.XP will automatically back up the hardware driver, but it is unlikely to change the hardware after the hardware driver is installed correctly, so you can also consider deleting this backup. The file is located in the \windows\driver cache\i386 directory, named driver.cab. You can delete it directly. Usually, this file is 74M. ?

9. Delete unused input methods: For many netizens, not all the input methods included in the Windows XPt system are suitable for their own use, such as IMJP8_ 1 Japanese input method and IMKR6_ 1 Korean input method. We can delete them if we don't need them. Input method is located in \windows\ime\ folder, occupying 88M space. ?

10. After upgrading, I found that windows\ has many directories similar to $ ntuninstallq311889 $. Kill them all, 1x-3xM?

1 1. In addition, things in the \windows\help directory will be preserved. If you do not need help, you can delete it! ?

12. Turn off system restore: The system restore function takes up a lot of hard disk space for a long time. Therefore, manual setting is needed to reduce the hard disk occupation. Open the System Properties dialog box, select the System Restore option, and select the Turn off System Restore on all drives check box to turn off System Restore. You can also set to restore only the disk or partition where the system is located. Select the partition where the system is located, click the "Configure" button, and cancel the "Turn off system restore of this drive" option in the pop-up dialog box to set the disk space for system restore. ?

13, the hibernation function will take up a lot of hard disk space. If you use less, you might as well turn off * * *. To turn it off, open the Control Panel, double-click Power Options, select the Hibernation tab in the pop-up Power Options Properties dialog box, and uncheck the Enable Hibernation checkbox. ?

14. Uninstall unused components: XP will install some system components into the operating system by default, and a large part of these components can't be used at all. You can uninstall them in Add/Remove Windows Components. However, some components in XP are hidden by default and cannot be found in Add/Remove Windows Components. At this time, you can open the file \windows\inf\sysoc.inf with Notepad, and replace all the "hidden" characters in the file with spaces with the find/replace function. In this way, the hidden properties of all components are removed. After saving, run the Add-Remove program, and you will see many options that you didn't see before. Delete those components you don't need (remember to save them as sysoc.inf instead of the default sysoc.txt), such as Internat messenger service, fax service, Windows messenger, code table, etc. , can release nearly 50MB of space. ?

15. Clear the temporary files of the system: the temporary files of the system are generally stored in two locations: a temp folder under the Windows installation directory; The other is the x:\Documents and Settings "user name" \Local Settings\Temp folder (Y: the partition where the system is located). Files in both locations can be deleted directly. ?

16. Erase temporary Internet files: A large number of temporary Internet files generated when surfing the Internet regularly will save a lot of hard disk space after being deleted. Open IE browser, select Internet Options from the Tools menu, select the General tab in the pop-up dialog box, click the Delete File button in the Temporary Internet Files column, select the Delete All Offline Content check box in the pop-up Delete File dialog box, and click the OK button. ?

17. Clear the pre-read files: Although the pre-read setting of Windows XP can improve the system speed, after a period of use, the number of files in the pre-read folder will become quite large, resulting in a long system search time. Moreover, some applications will produce dead-chain files, which will increase the search burden of the system. So these pre-read files should be deleted regularly. The expected files are stored in the Prefetch folder of the Windows XP system folder, and all files under this folder can be deleted. ?

18. Compress NTFS drives, files or folders: If your hard disk uses NTFS file system and space is really tight, you can also consider enabling NTFS compression. Right-click the drive you want to compress-Properties-General-Compress Disk to Save Disk Space, then click OK, and select the required option in Confirm Property Change. This can save about 20% hard disk space. When compressing drive C, it is best to use safe mode for compression, which is more effective. ?

19. Close Dr.Watson: To close Dr.Watson, you can open the Registry Editor, find the branch of "HKEY _ Local _ Machine \ Software \ Microsoft \ Windows NT \ Current Version \ AEDebug", double-click the name of the Auto key under it, change its "Numerical Data" to 0, and finally press F5 to refresh the settings. Still in the "start"->; Enter "drwtsn32" command in "Run", or "Start"->; "program"->; "attachment"->; "system tools"->; "system information"->; "tools"->; "Dr. Watson", call out Dr. Watson in the system, and only keep the option of "Dump all thread contexts", otherwise the hard disk will be read for a long time and occupy a lot of space once the program goes wrong. If this has happened before, please look for the user.dmp file, which can save tens of MB of space after deletion. ?

20. Close the Remote Desktop: "My Computer"-> "properties"->; "Remote" and "Allow users to connect to this computer remotely" in "Remote Desktop" are ticked. ?

2 1. Cancel XP's support for ZIP: Windows XP turns on support for zip files by default, which takes up some system resources. You can choose "Start → Run", type "regsvr32/u ZIPfldr.dll" in the "Run" dialog box, and press enter to confirm the cancellation of XP's support for zip decompression, thus saving system resources. ?

22. Turn off the error report: When the application fails, a window will pop up to send the error report. In fact, such an error report is almost meaningless to ordinary users, so it is a wise choice to close it. In the System Properties dialog box, select the Advanced tab, click the Error Reporting button, select the Disable Error Reporting option in the Error Reporting dialog box that pops up, and finally click OK. In addition, we can turn off error reporting from the group policy: type gpedit.msc from Run, run the Group Policy Editor, expand Computer Configuration → Management Template → System → Error Reporting Function, double-click Error Reporting in the setting bar on the right, and select the Disable radio box in the pop-up Properties dialog box to disable Error Reporting. ?

23. Turn off unused devices: Windows XP always tries to install drivers for all devices of the computer and manage them as much as possible, which will not only slow down the system startup, but also cause a lot of system resources to be occupied. In view of this situation, in the device manager, you can disable uncommon devices, such as PCMCIA cards, modems, infrared devices, printer ports (LPT 1) or serial ports (COM 1). Double-click the device you want to disable and select Do not use this device (disable) in the General tab of its properties dialog box. Settings will take effect when you restart, and then enable these devices from Device Manager when you need to use them. ?

24. Regularly clean the system restore point: turn on disk cleaning, select other options-> Clean the system restore point, and click Clean.

First, the software

1. virus

When the "shock wave" virus breaks out, it will also prompt the system to start automatically after 60 seconds.

Trojan horse programs remotely control all activities of your computer, including restarting your computer.

Remove viruses, Trojans or reinstall the system.

2. The system file is corrupted.

System files are destroyed, such as KERNEL32.DLL under Win2K, FONTS under Win98 fonts directory and other basic files when the system is running, which will be forced to restart when the system is started.

Solution: cover the installation or reinstall.

3. Timing software or task planning software works.

If you set a restart or load some working programs in the "Planning Taskbar", the computer will start again. In this case, we can open the "Start Bi Rui? What happened to Yu? Hey? What are you talking about? Muwei? 5 is more scary? ????????????????????????? 12

Second, the hardware.

1. Chassis power supply is insufficient, DC output is impure, and dynamic response is slow.

Users or installers often ignore the power supply and use cheap power supply, which is one of the biggest suspects that lead to the automatic restart of the system.

① The output power of power supply is insufficient. When running software that takes up a lot of CPU resources such as large 3D games, when the CPU needs high power supply, the power supply is overloaded due to insufficient power supply, and the output is stopped. After the power supply stops outputting, the load is lightened and the power supply is resumed. Because the protection/recovery time is very short, the performance given to us is that the host automatically restarts.

② The DC output of power supply is impure, and the digital circuit requires pure DC power supply. When the harmonic content in the DC output of the power supply is too large, it will lead to the working error of the digital circuit, which is manifested as frequent shutdown or restart.

③ The workload of ③③CPU is dynamic, so is the requirement for current, which requires fast dynamic response. Some poor quality power supplies have long dynamic response time, which will also lead to frequent crashes or restarts.

④ If the power of updating equipment (high-end graphics card/large hard disk/graphics card) and adding equipment (burner/hard disk) exceeds the rated output power of the original power supply, it will lead to frequent crashes or restarts.

Solution: Now replace the high-quality and high-power computer power supply.

2. The thermal stability of the memory is poor, and the chip is damaged or set incorrectly.

The probability of system restart caused by memory problems is relatively high.

① The thermal stability of the memory is poor, and it can work normally when it is turned on. When the memory temperature rises to a certain temperature, it will not work normally, resulting in a crash or restart.

(2) When the memory chip is slightly damaged, you can pass the self-check (set the quick start to detect the memory incompletely), or you can enter the ordinary desktop to run normally. When running some software with high I/O throughput (media playing, games, plane /3D drawing), it will restart or crash.

Solution: Replace the memory.

③ Setting the CAS value of the memory too small will also lead to the instability of the memory, leading to the automatic restart of the system. Generally, it is best to use the default settings of BIOS, and don't change them yourself.

3. number three. The CPU temperature is too high or the cache is damaged.

① Too high ①CPU temperature often leads to protective automatic restart. The reason for the high temperature is basically because the chassis and CPU are not well cooled. The reasons for poor heat dissipation of CPU are: low thermal conductivity of radiator material, foreign objects (mostly warranty cards) between radiator and CPU, low fan speed, too much dust on fan and radiator, and so on. Also, the temperature probe under the CPU of the P2/P3 motherboard is damaged or the temperature measuring circuit inside the P4 CPU is damaged, the BIOS on the motherboard has a BUG and temperature measurement is not allowed under certain special circumstances, and the CPU protection temperature set in CMOS is too low. This will also lead to a protective restart.

② The damage of the first-level and second-level caches inside the CPU is a common failure of the CPU. Slightly damaged ones can still be started, and can enter the normal desktop for normal operation. When running some software with high I/O throughput (media playing, games, plane /3D drawing), it will restart or crash.

Solution: Shield the second-level cache (L2) or the first-level cache (L 1) in CMOS, or replace the CPU to eliminate it.

4. Automatic restart caused by 4. AGP graphics card and PCI card (network card, cat)

① The nonstandard or poor quality of the external card leads to the failure of the reset signal of the AGP/PCI bus, which leads to the system restart.

(2) There is a situation that the system restarts due to the looseness of the graphics card and the network card.

5. When connecting to a faulty or incompatible external device, the parallel port, serial port and USB interface will automatically restart.

① Peripheral failure or incompatibility, such as printer parallel port damage, one pin short circuit to ground, USB device short circuit to ground, pin definition and signal level incompatibility, etc.

② The jitter of external equipment is too large when it is hot-plugged, resulting in instantaneous short circuit of signal or power supply.

6. The internal circuit or chip of the optical drive is damaged.

The optical drive is damaged, and most of them can't be read/engraved. There is also a sudden restart of the host due to internal circuit or chip damage during work. The CD-ROM drive itself is poorly designed, and there is a Bug in FireWare. It also causes a reboot when reading the disc.

7. The reset switch problem on the front panel of the chassis.

The reset key on the front panel of the chassis is actually a normally open switch, and the reset signal on the motherboard is a 5V level signal, which is connected to the reset switch. When the switch is closed, the 5V level is grounded, and the signal level drops to 0V, which triggers the system to reset and restart, and the reset switch returns to the normally open position, at which time the reset signal returns to 5V level. If the reset key is damaged, the switch is always in the closed position, and the reset signal is always 0V, the system will not be able to power on for self-test. When the elasticity of the reset switch is weakened and it is not easy to bounce when the button is pressed, the switch will be easily closed with a slight vibration. Resulting in a system reset and restart.

Solution: Replace the reset switch.

There is also a short circuit in the reset switch lead in the chassis, which leads to the automatic restart of the host.

8. Motherboard failure

It is rare for the motherboard to cause an automatic restart. Generally, the circuit related to reset is faulty; Socket and slot have virtual welding and poor contact; Individual chips, capacitors and other components are damaged.

Third, other reasons.

1. The power supply voltage is unstable.

① The working voltage range of computer switching power supply is generally 170V-240V. When the power supply voltage is lower than 170V, the computer will automatically restart or shut down.

Solution: add voltage regulator (not UPS) or 130-260 V wide switching power supply.

(2) If high-power appliances such as computers, air conditioners and refrigerators use patch panels, when these appliances are started, the voltage supplied to computers will be greatly affected, which is often manifested in system restart.

The solution is to separate their power cords.

2. Strong magnetic interference

Don't underestimate electromagnetic interference. Many times, our computer crashes and restarts are also caused by interference. These interferences come from CPU fans, chassis fans, graphics cards, motherboards and hard disks inside the chassis, as well as external power cords, inverter air conditioners and even large equipment such as automobiles. If our host has poor interference performance or poor shielding, the host will restart unexpectedly or crash frequently.

3. Incorrect connection of AC power cord.

Some users directly ground the zero line of the power supply line (not the zero line of the electric energy meter), which leads to automatic restart, because the interference signal is introduced from the ground line.

4. The plug-in or power socket is of poor quality and poor contact.

After the power socket is used for a period of time, the elasticity of the reed slowly loses, which leads to poor contact between the plug and the reed, constant change of resistance and fluctuation of current, and the system will naturally be unstable. Once the current fails to meet the minimum requirements for system operation, the computer will restart. Solution, the purchase quality is good.

First, reduce power supply noise.

1. Clean the dust of the power supply fan.

First, prepare a small bottle of engine oil and a toothpick, then remove the power supply from the chassis, open the shell of the power supply, remove the fan, find the dust on the fan blade, and clean it with a soft brush. After cleaning, there is usually a label in the middle of the front of the fan. Uncover the label and you can see the bearing of the fan. Dip the lubricating oil on the bearing with a toothpick. Pay attention to the right amount of oil. When finished, stick the label back to prevent dust from entering, and then restore the fan and power supply. Need to be reminded, don't use engine oil casually when refueling the fan. Inferior engine oil not only does not help lubrication, but will accelerate the wear of bearings. We should choose special products or use high-quality sewing machine oil instead.

2. Replace the mute power supply fan

Users can also consider replacing the silent power supply or fan. At present, there are many silent power supplies on the market, which are usually strictly tested and can effectively reduce the noise of power supplies. In addition, a better cooling fan can be replaced for the power supply, and the process of replacing the power supply fan is also very simple. The key is to pay attention to the connection between the fan and the power supply.

3. Buffer and shockproof

For the power supply, it is not only the connection between the fan and the power supply, but also the connection between the power supply and the chassis. In addition to firm fixation, you can also add buffers such as thin cloth and rubber pad at the contact position, and even buy special power supply shock-proof products.

4. Prevent large current shock

If the noise of the user's power supply is caused by the high current at the moment of starting, you can install a filter or switch to a better quality power supply to prevent the noise caused by the impact of high current. You can also buy some smart power sockets with filtering function to connect to the host to ensure that the computer power supply is not disturbed by external current.

Second, reduce CPU noise.

1. Replace the fan or install the buffer.

Since the CPU fan is the source of noise, we can replace it with a lower noise CPU fan. Of course, to ensure that the air volume provided by CPU fan is enough to dissipate heat for CPU, we must not blindly use low-speed CPU fan to reduce noise. We must buy a silent CPU fan specially designed to reduce noise. We can also install buffer pads, such as sponges and rubber pads, at the four corners of the contact part between the fan and the radiator.

2. Replace the radiator

If you really can't stand the noise of the air-cooled radiator, you can replace the radiator, such as using a new heat pipe technology radiator. The principle of heat pipe technology is to transfer heat through vaporization and liquefaction of liquid. Of course, conditional users can also choose water-cooled radiator, which can achieve good heat dissipation effect and completely eliminate the noise of CPU fan.

3. Install the hot fan regulator.

The so-called hot fan governor is an automatic fan governor with a temperature probe. When in use, the temperature probe is in contact with the heat sink, and the fan is connected with the governor. When the temperature rises, the governor controls the fan to increase the rotational speed, and when the temperature is low, the governor controls the fan to decrease the rotational speed, thus reducing the fan noise.

Third, reduce the working noise of the hard disk.

1. Reduce vibration and noise.

To reduce the noise of the hard disk, it is necessary to minimize the vibration with the chassis. When you remove the hard disk from the chassis, you will find that the hard disk will make little noise when it is not connected to the chassis. We can reduce the vibration of hard disk and chassis by adding rubber pads to achieve the purpose of noise reduction.