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Looking at the economic development of world powers, do you have any suggestions for China's economic construction? {History test questions, as simple and comprehensive as possible}
1, improving labor productivity is the most China development strategy.

In terms of economic development, economic development can not always rely on the macro-balance of consumption, investment and export, but on improving labor productivity, because the author puts forward that improving labor productivity should be promoted to a national strategy, and automation technology is the most effective method to improve labor survival rate at present.

2. Improve the security model of "welfare society" and "low-cost society"

On the issue of people's livelihood security, the author advocates the implementation of the two-wheel drive security model of "welfare society" and "low-cost society", which complement each other. Welfare socialism is used to protect the problem of "birth, old age, illness and death", and "low-cost society" is used to alleviate people's life pressure from "food, clothing, housing and transportation". Welfare society provides social security from the perspective of income distribution, and "low-cost society" provides social security. The welfare society depends more on the government, while the "low cost of living" society depends on the market. Moreover, "low cost of living" can avoid the high tax burden brought by the construction of welfare society, and it is a relatively easy economic model to realize. The vegetable direct selling and duty-free market policy that has been implemented in China has the characteristics of "low cost of living" social model, and I hope more such policies can be introduced.

3. Establish a "National Strategy Committee"

The experience of the development of human society shows that the successful rise of any economy, the research and application of any major technology and the completion of any major engineering project are inseparable from the power of the state, which is true in ancient times and in modern times. This is true of capitalist society and socialism; This is true in developed countries, and so is it in developing countries. The author advocates the establishment of some high-level committees to be responsible for the implementation of China's strategic policies. I believe that the directors of these committees should be respected retired cadres. They can use their prestige, ability and connections to ensure the implementation of these projects, and the effect is better than that of some specific departments. This committee should be higher than the national ministries, because many aspects need the cooperation of the national ministries. The more detailed these items are, the better. The National Strategy Committee solves the problem of decoupling strategy from implementation, and the problem of decoupling think tanks from the government. China's official think tanks are mostly at the executive level, not at the strategic level. Everyone knows that the formulation and implementation of the strategy is very important. In fact, it is also important to establish some institutions responsible for implementing the national strategy.

4. Strengthen the industry management functions of industry organizations.

In view of the supervision of unethical business practices, the author believes that there are still misunderstandings in China. He has always believed that China has implemented a market economy, so long as it does not violate the law, everything can be done, but the law is generally lagging behind and has loopholes. Secondly, it is difficult to enforce the law, so many victims can't get compensation, so it is unrealistic to rely entirely on legislation to crack down. The author thinks that the government should let some trade associations undertake the task of industry management. Because the government's energy is limited, unprofessional phenomena often appear when the government controls unethical business practices, and the government is not very familiar with the specific phenomena in economic life. If the government can give certain public powers to some trade associations, it can basically achieve "everything is in charge." Just as they are not well managed, the government and the public can directly hold them accountable. At present, all walks of life in China have their own trade organizations, but these organizations do not have the function of managing and regulating the industry, and their potential has not been fully exerted. The problem now is that not all enterprises in the industry have joined the trade association. The rules of the trade association are only valid for members, but not for non-members or even members. It is an appeal, not enforcement, so many things are useless. If these institutions can have the "public power" to manage the industry within the scope authorized by the government and laws, then these institutions can directly deal with acts that violate business ethics, so that there will not be so many "nobody's business" or "uncontrollable" things in China. Of course, trade associations also operate under the management of national laws and higher authorities. In my opinion, this should be feasible.

5. Formulate anti-speculation laws

In view of the management problems in the era of financial capitalism, the author puts forward that anti-speculation should be the focus of economic management, and China can consider enacting anti-speculation laws to combat speculation like protecting intellectual property rights and antitrust. At the very least, speculation in housing and food should be strictly prohibited. There is no technical problem with anti-speculation, but the key is that it is not recognized in place. In fact, as long as the government makes clear its attitude, such as opposing speculation in housing and food, and then publicizes it through the media, we should believe that the vast number of speculators will still listen to the government and be consistent with national policies.

6. Narrow the gap between the rich and the poor from the perspective of attacking New five evils.

In view of the polarization between the rich and the poor in China, the author classifies professional speculators, corruption and bribery in enterprises and the government, illegal and immoral business practices, underworld and pornography as the "new five evils" that lead to the abnormal transfer of wealth in China. In order to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor, China should start with cracking down on the "new five poisons". At present, the polarization between the rich and the poor in China is so serious. The core reason is not the difference of China people's diligence, nor the income gap caused by different social division of labor, nor the so-called urban-rural dual structure, nor the income gap between employees of monopoly enterprises and private enterprises, because as long as the income comes from wage income and labor income, even if there is a gap, it cannot be too outrageous. The author thinks that the biggest reason for the polarization between the rich and the poor in China lies in the huge abnormal transfer of wealth in China society, which leads to the polarization between the rich and the poor in China. Some of these people's actions are illegal, some are legal but immoral, but the same is that they have caused great harm to society and great wealth transfer. The income gap in other aspects is only a few times, while the income gap caused by the new five worms is hundreds of times and thousands of times, which is the source of the polarization between the rich and the poor in China.

7. Housing is guaranteed by area.

In view of the real estate problem, the author advocates that the housing security should be changed from "by income" to "by area". China's current housing policy is basically based on residents' income, which is unfair. At present, the income of residents in China is seriously opaque and uncertain. Therefore, it is very difficult to formulate housing policies according to income, and many problems will arise. There are so many problems with affordable housing in China, which is caused by this income-based housing policy. The author advocates dividing the government and the market according to the living area, that is, the government provides housing to the people free of charge within a certain area, and if it exceeds this specified area, it will be borne by the government or the people together, or the people themselves.

8. Incorporate "people's sufferings education" into the scope of official education.

People's livelihood cannot be difficult only by leadership experience. When taking the ferry, Ruan Chengfa, the mayor of Wuhan, found that the ferry in Wuhan was still a ferry decades ago, with air leakage and the citizens were very cold inside. Lu Zhangong, secretary of the Henan Provincial Party Committee, found it difficult for older people to find jobs in person. However, people's livelihood issues are complicated. How can we attract people's attention only by leadership experience? In order to make up for the reputation loss caused by the image project, many cities now like to engage in the "Top Ten Popular Projects", but most of these projects are large projects, and many problems related to people's livelihood are only minor problems, so they are not qualified to be "popular projects". What should we do about these things? "Three stresses education", "education to maintain the advanced nature of Communist party member", "harmonious society and education in Scientific Outlook on Development" and so on, but these are all political education. The author advocates that the education of cadres in party member should include the education of people's sufferings.

9. Establish China Charity Day to strengthen social mutual assistance.

In China, before 2007, China's charitable donations accounted for about 0. 1% of China's GDP. In 2008, the total donation was only about 60 billion yuan, while in 20 10, the total donation of China to the five western provinces was only about 10 billion yuan. In the United States, charitable donations account for about 9% of the total GDP every year, while in China, it accounts for about 3% of GDP at most in 2008. Charitable donation is a very large source of funds for social mutual assistance. China's annual investment in education accounts for only 3% of GDP, while China's annual investment in military accounts for only 5% of GDP. If the total annual charitable donation in China can reach about 3% of GDP, it will be equivalent to a large sum of money invested in education in China, which will play a very significant role in social assistance. It will be very meaningful if China Charity Day can be set up to do this with the help of the whole society.

10, resist Hayek school, reflect on monetary school, scientifically apply Keynesian school, moderately apply supply school, and introduce welfare school.

Hayek's theory is well-known market fundamentalism. Since the ebb of Marxist economics in China, Hayek doctrine has become the mainstream economic thought of China. However, Hayek's theory is anti-welfare, anti-human rights and anti-democracy in essence. At present, there are many problems in social security and human rights protection in China. Its essence is not because of strong government, but because of excessive application of Hayek's theory. If China wants to enter a civilized society, it must give up the Hayek doctrine that has been popular for more than 20 years.

The school of money has failed in both the United States and Japan, and this is the school that needs to be reflected most. The author thinks that China should maintain a moderately high interest rate and a moderately loose amount of money at the same time, because the essence of excess liquidity is "not too much money, but too cheap money", and just a moderately high bank interest rate will not attract overseas hot money.

Keynesianism is completely correct, but Keynesianism will be unreasonably applied. American "war Keynesianism" is the most savage application of Keynesianism and the root of American stagflation. Insufficient aggregate demand is a phenomenon that the economy has been facing. China should start with "welfare Keynesianism" to improve the consumption of the middle and lower classes, and the welfare school should also be the research object of China scholars. China can no longer avoid the existence of welfare schools. Even if there are some mistakes in the handling of economic crisis and the application of Keynesianism, there is no problem. For the mistakes caused by Keynesianism, the author suggests using the supply school to correct them, but the supply school can't copy them mechanically. Looking at them separately, the supply school's diagnosis of economic diseases is correct, but its prescription has been verified to be wrong. For example, the result of its "tax reduction" policy is that the country is poor and the people are poor, and only a small number of rich people take advantage of it.

Although western economics has experienced hundreds of years of development, there are still many schools of thought, which are contradictory and far from science. China can't blindly copy any one school, but should flexibly use each school according to the actual situation in China. The author's general proposition is to "resist Hayek school, reflect on monetary school, scientifically apply Keynesian school, appropriately apply supply school and introduce welfare school".