China's papermaking was introduced to Europe through the Arab world. The first European countries that came into contact with paper and papermaking may be Spain, France and Italy. Paper appeared in Spain not later than 10 century. The calligraphy found in Santo Domingo is the earliest known relic of Spanish paper, made of flax fiber and sized with starch paste, similar to Arabic paper. This should be brought from the Arab Empire by Rahman, a former Umayyad prince who fled to Spain.
After the establishment of the post-Umayyad dynasty, the amount of paper used increased sharply, which made it easy for Spain to make its own paper in the 12 century. The earliest paper mill was built in Sadi District, which is rich in flax and close to the water source. This is the beginning of papermaking in Europe, but most of it is in the hands of Arabs. 1 157, a Spanish-run paper mill was established in Vidalon, near the French border, and the Jews in this country quickly mastered this technology.
Being close to Spain, the French quickly introduced papermaking technology, and built the first French paper mill in errol in 1 189, and then built new paper mills in Trouvat, Essonne, Saint Pierre, Saint Claude, Tavara and other places to meet domestic demand. All paper is hemp paper, which is basically similar to Arabic paper. Papermaking was introduced to Italy through another trade route.
Several Italian paper documents written in 12 century have been preserved. Throughout the 13 century, Damascus paper continued to flow into Italy. Later, in 1276, the Italians set up the first paper mill in Montefano to produce hemp paper. Later, they made great improvements in technology, using metal as a beater, using animal glue instead of starch to muddle on paper, and produced water-grain paper, which made the paper industry develop rapidly and became an important paper supplier in Europe by the14th century.
Germany first began to produce paper in Nuremberg (139 1). Followed by the Netherlands 1428, Switzerland 1433, Poland 149 1, Britain 1494, Austria 1498, Russia 1576.
/kloc-After the 0/8th century, with the development of culture, education and science, the consumption of paper in European countries is increasing. Due to the single production of hemp paper, raw materials have been seriously insufficient, and people are constantly looking for substitutes. At the same time, they once again turned their attention to China, where papermaking was invented, seeking new information about the development of papermaking technology in China, so that the new papermaking technology in China was directly introduced to Europe.
In order to extricate the French paper industry from its predicament, Duerjie, an economist who later served as the French Finance Minister, invited China people Gogth and Yang who studied in France to help solve 52 problems related to China in 1765, four of which were related to paper making.
After returning to China, two China people bought China paper curtains and samples and patterns of various papermaking raw materials that Durge hoped to get, and shipped them to Durge by merchant ship, which greatly improved the papermaking technology in France and greatly promoted the development of the papermaking industry in France and even Europe.
Extended data:
Spreading process and mode of papermaking
China's papermaking was first spread in the cultural circle of Chinese characters. Paper-making on the Korean peninsula was in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Mainly produces hemp paper, and then produces paper and mulberry paper. The earliest existing paper manuscript is the 754-year-old Silla paper "Hua Yan Jing" collected by Huyan Museum in Korea. North Korea has leather paper, which is characterized by thick, strong and white paper.
When talking about Korean paper in Textual Research, Ming Longtu said: "Cotton cocoon is the quality, white as silk, tough as silk, and lovely in writing, which is absolutely unique to China." When North Korea made leather paper, it basically followed the technology of China, but the tools and technology were slightly different.
As early as the 2nd century, China's paper and scrolls spread to Viet Nam. By the end of Han Dynasty and Wei and Jin Dynasties, paper could be made in northern Vietnam. According to Friedrich Hirth, a German sinologist, Daqin couldn't make his own paper at that time, and he bought the paper he gave away in Vietnam. "When the envoys of the Eastern Rome or merchants from Alexandria came to Guangdong, China for trade and passed through Vietnam, the local agarwood and leather paper were presented to the court of China as domestic products."
Paper in southern Vietnam is imported from the north. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, paper could also be made in the south. In the first year of the reign of Emperor Zong (1370), Chen Chaoyi sent messengers to dedicate the paper fans he made to Zhu Yuanzhang. During the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty, Vietnam returned 200 pieces of yellow paper of Emperor Jinlong of the Qing Dynasty. Most of the late Vietnamese books were printed on bamboo paper, similar to China paper.
Japanese papermaking has a history of more than 1000 years. According to Japanese records, China's paper and papermaking were introduced to Japan through Korea. "In the Spring and Autumn March (the 18th year of Tugu in 6 10 AD), the king of Korea paid tribute to a monk, and Tan Zheng was familiar with the Five Classics. He could make colors, paper and ink, and also made grindstones.
In fact, papermaking in Japan was earlier than this time. Papermaking was taught by Wang Ren, a doctor of the Five Classics of Han Chinese who came to Japan from Baekje in 450, and his accompanying Han craftsmen. According to the test results of the paper used in Horyuji, Todasi and Nara, the raw materials for papermaking at that time were mostly shredded hemp, paper mulberry bark and goose skin. Its papermaking and pulping process is the same as that in China. The raw materials are cooked with plant ash water and starch paste is added to the pulp.
Japanese classics, such as Shi Yanxi (written in 905), Linger World (written in 833) and Tale of Genji (1007), all discuss the official Japanese papermaking institutions, materials and types. After the Kamakura era, Japanese hemp paper became less and less, and leather paper occupied the main position. Hand-infiltrated paper and papermaking have been greatly developed in the edo period. Paper culture is still highly valued in Japan today.
The spread of papermaking on the land silk road. There are two land routes from the Central Plains to the Western Regions: one is from Tibet to the south through the Himalayan Pass, and the other is from Xinjiang to the northwest of India through Kashmir. On the China side of the two paragraphs, Xinjiang made paper locally during the Sixteen Kingdoms period (304-439), while Tibet had paper workshops since the early Tang Dynasty (the first half of the 7th century).
India's papermaking methods and paper types are similar to those in Xinjiang and Tibet. The earliest paper writing in India is 123 1 year or 124 1 year, so India had its own paper industry in the12-13rd century.
Ancient paper has been unearthed on the Silk Road. 1900, Sven Hedin, a Swedish explorer, excavated the paper documents of the Wei and Jin Dynasties in Loulan, Xinjiang, such as Jiaping four years (252 years), Taishigong two years (266 years), Xianxi three years (265 years) and Yongjia four years (3 10 years), most of which were hemp paper, indicating that the paper in the mainland had already reached.
1907, Stein discovered 9 Central Asian Sogdian scripts in Dunhuang. These letters were written by Qin Nan Wanda, a Central Asian businessman living in Liangzhou, to his friends in Samarkand from 365438 to 365438. It can be seen that the Sogdians used China paper as early as the 4th century.
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People's Network-The invention and spread of papermaking in China