One night in June 399 BC, a 70-year-old man was about to be executed in Athens prison. View only

He is in rags and barefoot, but his face is calm. After seeing off his wife and family, he and several friends Kan Kan.

Chatting, it seems that I forgot the upcoming execution. It was not until the jailer brought a cup of poison that he stopped talking and took over.

Cup, gulp it down. After that, he lay down, smiled and told his friends who came to say goodbye that he had eaten the chicken from his neighbor's house.

You haven't paid the money yet, please pay it back for him. With that, the old man closed his eyes peacefully and fell asleep. This old man is the great philosopher Sugar.

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Socrates (470-399 BC) was not only a famous philosopher in ancient Greece, but also a man with distinctive personality.

Historical celebrities with different reputations from ancient times to the present. His father is a stonemason and sculptor, and his mother is a midwife.

As a teenager, Socrates studied handicrafts with his father, became familiar with Homer's epics and the works of other famous poets, and relied on himself.

Learned to be a very learned person. He made a living by imparting knowledge, and in his thirties, he became a society without salary and library.

Moral teacher. Many children from rich families and poor families often gather around him to learn from him and be Puritans. Scotland

Boys often say, "I only know that I don't know anything."

He spent most of his life outdoors. He likes to be in markets, sports fields, streets and other public places with all aspects.

People talk about all kinds of issues, such as war, politics, friendship, art, ethics and so on. He participated in three wars and served as a soldier.

Heavy infantry, more than once to help injured soldiers in battle. Around the age of 40, he became a famous person in Athens.

Things.

Socrates lived a hard life all his life. No matter how cold it is, he always wears an ordinary thin coat and often doesn't wear it.

Shoes are not particular about eating. But he didn't seem to notice it, just buried himself in his studies.

Socrates' theory is mysterious. He believes that the existence, development and destruction of all kinds of things in the sky and on the ground.

This is all arranged by God, who is the master of the world. He opposed the study of nature as blasphemy. He advocated people to realize that

Know the truth of being a man and live a moral life. His philosophy mainly studies and discusses ethical issues.

Socrates often argues with others. In the debate, he asked and answered questions to make the other side correct, give up the original wrong ideas and give help.

Help people generate new ideas. He abstracted the universal things from the individual and took four steps: satire, midwifery, induction and definition.

"Sarcasm" is to make the other party contradict itself and admit ignorance of this issue through constant questioning; "Midwifery" means helping each other throw.

Abandoning fallacies and finding correct and universal things is to help the truth come out; "Induction" is to find commonness from individual things.

Find the general law through individual analysis and comparison; "Definition" refers to the classification of a single concept into a general concept.

Socrates taught students never to give them ready-made answers, but to make them unconsciously by asking questions and refuting them.

Accept the influence of his thoughts. Please look at an interesting example of him answering questions with students.

Student: Socrates, what is good?

Socrates: Stealing, cheating and selling people as slaves are good deeds or evil deeds?

Student: It's evil.

Socrates: Is it evil to cheat the enemy? Is it evil to sell captured enemies as slaves?

Student: This is a good thing. But I'm talking about friends, not enemies. Socrates: According to you, stealing is for friends.

Evil deeds. However, if a friend wants to commit suicide, you steal the tools he is going to use to commit suicide. Is this evil? Student: Good.

All right.

Socrates: You said it was evil to cheat friends, but in the war, the commander-in-chief of the army told the soldiers to boost morale.

The soldier said that reinforcements were coming. But in fact, there are no reinforcements. Is this deception evil?

Student: This is a good thing.

This teaching method has its advantages. It can inspire people's thoughts and make people actively analyze and think about problems.

Prove that truth is concrete and relative by dialectical method, and it can be transformed into its own opposite under certain conditions. This one

Epistemology is of great significance in the history of European thought.

Socrates advocates the theory of expert governance. He believes that all walks of life and even state power should be well-trained and knowledgeable.

Talent to manage, and oppose the democracy implemented by the lottery election law. He said: Managers are not those who have power and influence.

Not people elected, but people who know how to manage. For example, a ship should

Driven by people who are familiar with sailing; When spinning wool, women should take care of men, because men are good at it and men don't understand it. he

He also said that the best people are those who are competent for their own work. Good farmers are good farmers; Mastery of medical skills is one of them.

A good doctor; People who are proficient in politics are excellent politicians.

In 404 BC, Athens was defeated in the Peloponnesian War, and "the rule of thirty tyrants replaced democracy."

Body. "The leader of the thirty tyrants, Cletia, is a student of Socrates. It is said that once Clerides was called Socrates.

To order him to lead four people to arrest a rich man and confiscate his property. Socrates refused to obey and left.

He not only dared to resist Clerides' illegal orders, but also publicly condemned his atrocities. Clerides called him angrily.

Go, don't let him near the young man again, and warn him, "Be careful, don't let us lose another sheep."

Sheep. Socrates simply ignored him and went his own way.

Later, the rule of the "Thirty Tyrants" was overthrown and the Democrats came back to power. He was accused of having something to do with Clerides.

Shut down, oppose democratic politics, and poison young people with heresy. Socrates was arrested and imprisoned for this. According to Athenian law, in court,

Before the defendant is revoked, the defendant has the right to propose a penalty different from that demanded by the plaintiff, so that the court can choose between the two. Scotland

The boy took this opportunity to make an impassioned speech. He claimed to be innocent, thinking that his words and deeds were not only innocent, but also

Conducive to social progress. As a result, he was betrayed to death. In prison, his friends tried to persuade him to escape.

He bribed the jailer and made an escape plan, but he would rather die than go against his beliefs. In this way, the 70-year-old

The old man died peacefully.

Socrates had a large number of fanatical admirers and fierce opponents before and after his death. Heyi

Sheng didn't leave any works, but his influence was enormous. Philosophers often regard him as part of the history of ancient Greek philosophy.

Shui Ling called his previous philosophy pre-Socratic philosophy. As a great philosopher, Socrates showed great concern for the west in later generations.

Fang's philosophy has a great influence.