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Space station: also known as space station, space station and orbital station. It is a manned spacecraft running in low-earth orbit for a long time, which can be used for many astronauts to visit work and life for a long time. Space stations are divided into single type and combined type. A single space station can be launched into orbit by a space vehicle at one time, while a combined space station is assembled in space by sending parts into orbit in batches by a space vehicle.
abstract
Humans are not satisfied with short space travel. In order to develop space, we need to build a long-term living and working base. Therefore, with the progress of space technology, the conditions for building a new home in space are ripe. The space station is a manned spacecraft running in low-earth orbit for a long time, which can be used by many astronauts to live, work and visit. Small space stations can be launched at one time, while larger ones can be launched in batches and assembled into a whole in space. In the space station, there should be all the facilities where people can live and never return to the earth. The International Space Station has a complex structure and a huge scale, which consists of astronaut accommodation module, experimental module, service module, docking transition module, truss and solar cell. The probation period is generally 5~ 10 years. The total mass is about 423 tons, the length is108m, the width (including the wingspan) is 88m, and the orbital height is 397km. The atmospheric pressure in the manned cabin is the same as the ground, and it can carry six people. Upon completion, the total mass will reach 438 tons and the length will be 108 meters.
Structure and composition
Its structural features are relatively large volume, long on-orbit flight time, multiple functions and wide range of space scientific research projects. The basic composition of the space station is a manned living cabin, plus a working experimental cabin, a scientific instrument cabin and other cabins with different purposes. Solar panels and docking kjz must be installed outside the space station.
Hatch to ensure power supply in the station and realize docking with other spacecraft.
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One of the characteristics of the space station is economy. For example, the space station can accept astronauts to carry out experiments in space, which can make manned spacecraft a tool for transporting astronauts only, thus simplifying its internal structure and reducing the materials needed for its flight in space. This can not only reduce the difficulty of its engineering design, but also reduce the space cost. In addition, the space station can be manned or unmanned during operation. As long as the astronauts start debugging, it can work as usual, check regularly, and then get results. This can shorten the astronauts' time in space and reduce a lot of consumption. When the space station fails, it can be repaired and replaced in space, thus prolonging the life of the spacecraft. Increasing service life can also reduce the cost of space flight. Because the space station can fly for a long time (months or years), it ensures the continuity and depth of space science research and plays an important role in deepening research and improving the quality of scientific research.
Launch history of space station
So far, nine space stations have been launched around the world. Among them, the Soviet Union launched 8 seats and the United States launched 1 seat. In chronological order, the Soviet Union was the first country to launch a manned space station. Its salute, Space Station 1, was launched in April 197 1, and then successfully docked with Soyuz spacecraft in space. Three astronauts lived and worked in the station for nearly 24 days and completed a large number of scientific experiments. However, during their return to Earth aboard Soyuz spacecraft 1 1, they all died unfortunately due to air leakage and decompression in the cockpit. Salute 2 failed because of its disintegration after being launched into space. The small space stations of salute No.3, No.4 and No.5 launched by the Soviet Union were all successful, and astronauts entered the station to work and completed a number of scientific experiments. Its salute stations 6 and 7 are relatively large, and some people call them the second generation space station. Each of them has two docking ports, which can dock two spacecraft at the same time. The astronauts set a long-term life record of 2 10 and 237 days on the station, and also set a record for the first female astronaut to leave the cabin. The Soviet Union put the Mir space station into orbit on February 20th, 1986. At the end of 2000, due to the aging of Mir components (design life 10 years) and lack of maintenance funds, the Russian Space Agency decided to crash Mir. Mir finally crashed into the earth's atmosphere on March 23, 200 1 year. 1On May 4th, 973, the United States successfully launched a space station called Skylab, which was running in a nearly circular space orbit with an altitude of 435km. Astronauts used 58 scientific instruments to carry out more than 270 experiments in biomedicine, space physics, astronomical observation, resource exploration and technology, took a large number of photos of solar activities and the earth's surface, and studied various phenomena of human activities in space. Until1July, 979, 12 fell into the atmosphere over the South Indian Ocean and burned.
Space stations in various countries
Salute Space Station of the former Soviet Union 197 1 April 200919, the former Soviet Union launched its first space station salute1,which entered a new stage from space flight. Salute 1 Space Station consists of orbital module, service module and docking module. It is an irregular cylinder with a total length of about12.5m, a maximum diameter of 4m and a total weight of about18.5t.. It runs on an orbit about 200 kilometers high, and the station is equipped with various experimental equipment, photographic equipment and scientific experimental equipment. Docking with Soyuz flight, forming a living cabin with a volume of 100 cubic meter, which can accommodate 6 astronauts. Salute 1 Space Station has been running in space for six months and docked with Soyuz 10 and Soyuz 1 1 to form an orbital complex. Each spacecraft carries three astronauts and stays in the space station for 26 days. Salute 1 June 65438+1October1crashed over the Pacific Ocean. The former Soviet Union launched a total of seven salute space stations, and the first five only had one docking port, that is, only one spacecraft could fly. Due to the limited food, oxygen and fuel reserves carried by the space station, its life in space is not very long. The improved Salute No.6 and No.7 space stations have added a docking port, which can not only receive the spacecraft loaded by Soyuz, but also dock with the cargo spacecraft Progress to supply famous products needed by astronauts. Salute Space Station 6 was launched on September 29th, 1977. It has been flying in space for nearly five years and received manned spacecraft 18 and Soyuz T. There are 16 batches of 33 astronauts working at the station, with a total manned flight 176 days. Among them, in 1980, astronauts popov and Liu Ming set a record of flying in the space station for 185 days. 1On April 9, 982, Salute 7 Space Station entered orbit and received 28 astronauts from Soyuz T spacecraft, including Savikaya, the first female astronaut to walk in space. Especially in 1984, three astronauts, Chizim, Solovjeff and Diekoff, created a record of flying in the space station for 237 days. Salute 7 space station has flown for more than 800 days, and the manned flight didn't stop until August 1986. Mir Space Station of the former Soviet Union At present, the Mir Space Station launched into orbit by the Soviet Union on February 20th, 1986 has been flying for eight years and is still carrying out manned space activities. Mir is a stepped cylinder with a total length of13.13m, a maximum diameter of 4.2m, a weight of 2 1 ton, and an expected service life of 10 years. It consists of three parts: working cabin, transition cabin and unsealed cabin, with a total 6hph of 6 hours.
Pairing interface. As a basic module, Mir can form a large orbital complex with manned spacecraft, cargo spacecraft and four special aircraft modules, thus expanding the scope of its scientific experiments. All four professional cabins have life support systems and power devices, which can independently complete maneuvering flight in space. One of them is a craft production experimental module, one is an astrophysical experimental module, one is a biological research module and the other is a drug experimental module. These experimental cabins can be replaced according to the needs of the mission and become another new experimental cabin. From the launch of Mir in space to the end of 1993, a Soyuz T and 17 Soyuz TM were received, which docked with cargo ships Progress, Progress M, Quantum and Crystal to form an orbital complex. Astronauts have carried out scientific investigation activities such as astrophysics, biomedicine, material technology experiments and earth resources investigation. The largest track complex, with a total length of 350 meters and a total weight of 70 tons, is like a space train, speeding around the earth's orbit. 1987 65438+On February 29th, astronaut romanenko had lived on Mir for 326 days and nights when he returned to the ground. Titov and Manarov, two astronauts who returned from Mir on June1988+February 2/KLOC-0, set a new record for flying in space for a whole year. Mir is composed of several modules in orbit: core module, quantum 1 astrophysics module, quantum 2 airlock crystal experimental module, spectral number remote sensing module and Earth observation module Nature. The United States provided it with a docking module dedicated to docking with the space shuttle. American space shuttle visited the space station 1 1 times. During the ten years from1February, 1986, when the first module of runes went online to 1996, a number of other modules went online one after another. At the end of 2000, due to the aging of Mir components (design life 10 years) and lack of maintenance funds, the Russian Space Agency decided to crash Mir. Mir finally crashed into the earth's atmosphere on March 23, 200 1 year. Debris fell into the South Pacific. The research mission of Mir will be replaced by the International Space Station in the future. In May 1973, the United States successfully launched a space station called Skylab. It runs in a nearly circular space orbit with a height of 435 kilometers, and has received three batches of nine astronauts to work at the station. Nine astronauts went to work in the space station. The nine astronauts stayed in the space station for 28 days, 59 days and 84 days respectively. Sky Laboratory is 36 meters long, with a maximum diameter of 6.7 meters and a total weight of 77.5 tons. It consists of orbital module, transition module and docking module, and can provide 360 cubic meters of working space. 111On May 25th, 2006, Apollo sent astronauts to the space station to work. During the flight, astronauts used 58 scientific instruments to carry out more than 270 experiments in biomedicine, space physics, astronomical observation, resource exploration and technology, took a large number of photos of solar activities and the earth's surface, and studied various phenomena of human activities in space. 1974 After the third batch of astronauts left space and returned to the ground in February, the Sky Laboratory was closed until 1979 fell into the atmosphere over the South Indian Ocean and burned. It has been in space for 2249 days, with a range of over 65.438+0.4 billion kilometers. Since Soyuz manned spacecraft was launched to the space station of the former Soviet Union, it has been working with Soyuz series manned spacecraft and Progress series cargo spacecraft to form an orbital consortium to carry out space missions. As a manned tool of the space station, Soyuz series manned spacecraft has been replaced for three generations. From Soyuz 10 to 1993, a total of 30 Soyuz, 14 Soyuz T and 17 Soyuz TM spacecraft were manned to the space station to carry out space science exploration activities. The first generation Soyuz was mainly used to test the rendezvous and docking and maneuvering flight between manned spacecraft and space station, which laid a solid foundation for manned space station activities. The second generation alliance T improved the cockpit facilities, improved the reliability of life support system and the comfort of living environment; The third generation alliance TM improved the rendezvous, docking, communication, emergency rescue and parachute system, and increased the payload. The improved Soyuz TM spacecraft has a total weight of 7 tons, a length of about 7 meters and a wingspan of 10.6 meters. It carries three astronauts and 250 kilograms of cargo. The biggest improvement is the docking system, which can dock with the Mir space station in any attitude, without the need for the space station to maneuver and adjust its attitude. The cargo ship Progress series cargo ships perform the task of regularly supplying food, goods, fuel and equipment to the space station. By the end of 1993, two generations had been developed, with 42 progressive ships and 20 progressive m launched. After docking with the space station, he entered the atmosphere and set himself on fire. This spacecraft consists of an instrument cabin, a fuel cabin and a cargo cabin. The cargo hold has a volume of 6.6 cubic meters and can transport 1.3 tons of cargo. The fuel tank carries 1 ton of fuel. It can fly by itself for 4 days and dock with the space station for 2 months.
Prospect of China Space Station
China will launch Tiangong-1 at the end of 20 10-20 1 1. Tiangong-1 weighs 8 tons and is similar to a small space experimental station. Within two years after the launch of Tiangong-1, China will launch Shenzhou-8, Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou 10 spacecraft respectively to dock with Tiangong-1. China expects to send China's space station into space before the Long March 5 in 20 14, and China will eventually build a basic space station. zw
The first space station in China consists of a core module, a cargo spacecraft, a manned spacecraft and two other modules for experiments, with a total weight of less than 65,438+000 tons. The core cabin needs to be manned for a long time and can be docked with various experimental cabins, manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft. Rockets with a carrying capacity of more than 20 tons are eligible to launch the core cabin. To this end, China will build a fourth space launch site in Wenchang, Hainan, which can launch a large-tonnage space station. According to reports, after the completion of China's first space station, its core modules can be continuously added. By then, several spaceships will be launched to the space station every year. zgkjz
It is understood that the "Shenzhou VII spacecraft" launched on September 25, 2008, as the first experiment in the second phase, realized the astronauts' extravehicular walking. Subsequent "Shenzhou VIII" and "Shenzhou IX" spacecraft will no longer carry people, aiming to launch the target aircraft and realize unmanned docking. After that, "God 10" will once again carry people to heaven and realize docking. These spacecraft are all designed to build short-term manned space stations in space.