Yukio Qiushui was born on September 23rd in Meiji 4th year (old calendar) in Nakamura-machi, Todo-machi, Kochi Prefecture, Japan. Xing dejia makes wine and grows medicine for a living. Their ancestors were originally Kotokui, a family of Yin and Yang teachers. In addition, Chiyoko Koga's father, Yukio Qiushui's wife, is a Japanese sinologist who supported Zunwang in the late Edo period and was the mastermind of three generations of Ashikaga statues.
1887 went to Tokyo to participate in the freedom and civil rights movement. In the same year, he was suppressed by the government and was expelled from Tokyo to return home. Later, I planned to go to China because I was poor and turned back halfway. Later, I went to Osaka and became a student in Chomin Nakae. Won the reputation of "Kirin II", the master of Zhongjiang. Worked in Wan Chao newspaper. At this time, the Japanese workers' movement was surging, and the Wan Chao newspaper expressed deep sympathy for the strike, which had a great influence on Xing De's thought and made him tend to socialism and joined the socialist research society. 190 1 year, he and Katayama Chien (1859 ~ 1933) and others founded Japan's first socialist party, the Social Democratic Party. 1903, on the eve of the Russo-Japanese War, he left the Wan Chao newspaper because he disagreed with it on the issue of anti-war, and founded People's News with Sakai Toshihiko and others to publicize anti-war and socialist ideas. 1904, he published the Manifesto of the Productive Party, which was translated by Sakai Toshihiko and co-authored by Marx and Engels, which was a great event in the history of Japanese thought. At this time, Xing De began to contact Marxism. He also translated Sun Yat-sen's "Revolution Wave" and published it in "Civilian News". 1905 "civilian news" was forced to stop publishing, and Xing De was arrested and imprisoned for five months. He studied in prison and was influenced by anarchism. After he was released from prison, he visited the United States for about half a year. In the process of his contact with anarchists in some countries, his anarchist thought has been developed. 1907, People's News was reissued and changed to a daily newspaper. Fortunately, Germany published "My Thought Change", which advocated "direct action" and opposed the legal struggle of parliamentary system adopted by Katayama and others. People think that organizing a general strike of workers is the most effective struggle. 19 10, in order to destroy all socialists and anarchists, the reactionary Japanese government concocted a so-called "great rebellion" that attempted to assassinate the emperor. He was arrested and imprisoned, and 19 165438 was executed at the age of 40.
Yukio Qiushui is a native of Nakamura-CHO, Tokushima Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan. 187 1 year (Meiji 4th year) was born on September 22nd in a declining merchant family. He studied for generations, served as a village chief and other local public offices, and was engaged in the medicinal materials and brewing industries. As the son of a businessman, he once regretted his humble origins and liked to call himself a commoner.
Xingde Qiushui was born sickly and suffered from gastrointestinal diseases and tuberculosis all his life. His father died of illness before he was one year old. My mother, Tamako, was born in a family of rural scholars. Because she couldn't bear to abandon her sick little son, she refused to dip it again. The widowed mother lived with her weak child and suffered for many years. He once lamented that he was "the most unfortunate son in the world" and "the most unfilial son in the world".
Fortunately, Qiushui was smart and studious since childhood. /kloc-0 entered nakamura primary school in the winter of 876, and/kloc-0 entered sinologist mu private school in the winter of 879 to study China ancient books such as Xiao Jing. Here, he studied poetry and made his debut. 188 1 After entering Zhongcun Middle School in the summer of, he became famous for his fluent writing and outstanding talent. 1in the summer of 885, he just finished the third grade, and the school was merged into the county middle school, and he was forced to drop out because he could not study far away. The next year, I went to the county seat, with my teacher Mu Huming, and went to Kochi Middle School, but I dropped out because of tuberculous pleurisy. He didn't get the graduation qualification, and felt it was a bitter fate. Later he said that this was one of the reasons why he became a socialist.
Xingde Qiushui became interested in politics very early. 188 1 10 In June, the radicals of the freedom and civil rights movement established the Liberal Party, claiming that sovereignty belongs to the people. Xing De soon proclaimed himself a comrade of the Liberal Party. When reformers and reformers gathered in Nakamura, he invited children to demonstrate outside the venue and shouted the slogan "Long live the Liberal Party", forcing the reformers to stop the rally. Adult elders are surprised at the boy's behavior. 1in the winter of 885, I met Lin Youzao, a former liberal activist. In the early spring of the following year, Sakahara, the former leader of the Liberal Party, retired to Nakamura. Fortunately, Germany attended the banquet and read out "Welcome Mr. Ban Yuanda" at the banquet.
1September, 887, Xingde left home for Tokyo for the first time, and became buddhist nun under Lin Youzao. On February 25, 65438, the freedom and civil rights movement reached its climax, and the Ito Bowen government suddenly took repressive measures. On February 25, 65438, the security regulations were promulgated, and the democratic fighters such as the Liberal Party were expelled from Tokyo. Fortunately, Qiu Shui, who just turned 65,438+06, is also troubled. He has his own work "The Return of the Native", in which "The Return of the Native" is: "Fu Jian bid farewell to the phoenix, throwing books back to his hometown, my daughter is happy, and spring is a flower mania." It shows his youthful pride when he was persecuted for the first time, leaving a fragrance for the coming year.
After returning home, Xingde Qiushui was scolded and neglected by relatives, friends and elders. Unwilling to give up, he decided to go to China. 1888 After arriving in Uwajima in June, the plan was frustrated because there was no travel expenses. 1 1 went to osaka, and was introduced by relatives and friends, and became a student of Chomin Nakae, a theorist of freedom and civil rights movement. From then on, to August 1893, I studied directly under Zhongjiang for three times. It is said that Zhongjiang opened a "practice" with 2000 disciples. Fortunately, Qiushui got its place, so it won the reputation of "Kirin" under Zhongjiangmen.
Influenced by Zhongjiang's political thought, especially his masterpiece "Three Drunken Economics Questions and Answers", Xing De decided to be a thorough democrat. Under the guidance of Zhongjiang, he studied Confucian works and was deeply influenced by Mencius' thought of "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch" and his thought of benevolence and not fighting, which laid a solid foundation for saving the country and the people and making positive progress, so he later said: "I entered socialism from Confucianism." Influenced by Zhongjiang, he studied Chinese, became familiar with the works of Sima Qian and others, studied writing methods, and formed a vigorous and powerful style of writing, thus becoming a famous political commentator. Zhongjiang teaches him English. June 189 1 admitted to the National English Institute for further study. After graduating from the Translation Department,/kloc-0 graduated from the General Department in February, 892, which not only made up for my regret of not having a degree, but also mastered English as an important tool, creating favorable conditions for my next work and struggle.
Chomin Nakae had a decisive influence on Qiu Shui's life. Xing De respected Zhongjiang all his life and forged an extraordinary friendship between teachers and students. For example, the name Qiushui was originally used by Zhongjiang in his prime, and 1893 was specially given to his favorite pupil. Fortunately, his life was named Qiu Shui. Another example is Zhongjiang's masterpiece One and a Half Years, which was finally drafted during his illness. Two volumes are being continued, both of which were edited by Lai Xingde and published before his death. Zhongjiang was lying in his hospital bed, knowing that he was dying. He once sent poems to his disciples, but fortunately he answered them with three poems. Among them, "There is a title in a year and a half" can best show his profound understanding and respect for Zhongjiang: "After 30 years of scolding this dusty place, life and death are still shouting, and the article will last forever. From now on, no one knows how to tell the people. " What's even more remarkable is that before he died, Zhongjiang dug up the translation of 10 volume of "The Collection of Tans in Changshan" that he and Okanagan Valley had completed together, and told Qiushui before he died: "This is a treasure of literature. I will give it to you now. I will cherish it after I die. See me as you see me. " 190 1 after Zhongjiang's death, Xingde successively published commemorative speeches and articles, and published the famous book Mr. Zhao Min in March of 1902, expressing his admiration with blood and tears, and commenting on the changes of Japanese politics with Zhongjiang's bumpy life, which became an immortal work in Japanese biographical literature and has been loved to read so far.
Xingde Qiushui started his fighting career as a reporter. Mainly participated in Free News (August1893-65438+February 0895), Central News (May1895-1898-65438+10), and. In Bao, he met and became a lifelong comrade.
At the beginning of his journalism, the freedom and civil rights movement was in a period of collapse. He once wanted to engage in literature and art and wrote novels under the pseudonym "Ilbo 'an". He also edited the supplement of Tuantuan Wen Zhen Tea Talk. Soon, with the rapid development of Japanese capitalism, various drawbacks of capitalism followed one after another, which aroused his concern about political current affairs and social problems. He has successively written critical articles such as "The History of Education", "The Origin of Social Degeneration" and "Understanding of Social Human Rights". From the standpoint of revolutionary Democrats, he attacked the tyranny of warlords and bureaucratic governments and exposed the corruption and social darkness of bureaucratic politicians, which has obvious Confucian thoughts and humanitarianism.
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1897, with the socialist movement on the historical stage of Japan, Qiu Shui and Xing De began his ideological course of socialist transformation around 1897. 1898 1 18 10/8 published "the causes of social corruption and its governance (methods)" in the newspaper, advocating the fundamental reform of social organizations and clearly pointing out that socialism is the only solution. This was noticed by Zhi Zhi Murai and Akira Katayama, who jointly invited him to participate in the "Socialist Research Association". From 1900 to 12, the "Research Association" was reorganized into a "socialist association" with Katayama Qiushui and Yukio Hatoyama as the core, becoming the first socialist group in Japan.
During this period, Qiu Shui published famous works such as Politics and Socialism Today and Stomach Problems, and actively promoted socialism. He also participated in organizations such as "Alliance in the Period of Universal Election" (1899 10) and "Four-country Alliance without Rent Increase" (18991), and joined hands with petty-bourgeois Democrats to fight for democratic struggles such as universal suffrage. 1900 on August 30th, published "dedicated to the liberal party" ("the liberal party is dead! ), pointing out that the task of the democratic revolution can no longer be entrusted to the bourgeoisie, but should be completed by socialists and formally break with bourgeois political parties.
190 1 April, published "I am a socialist", publicly declared my belief in Marx's socialism and became a typical figure from the freedom and civil rights movement to the socialist movement. On May 20th, he and Taniyama initiated the establishment of Japan's first socialist political party, the Social Democratic Party, which was dissolved by the authoritarian authorities that day. Fortunately, Germany persisted in the struggle and initiated the establishment of the "Civilian Socialist Party" in June, but it was banned. On July 20th, he and Heiyan set up an "ideal group" in Wan Chao Daily. Since then, socialists have taken the "socialist association" and "ideal group" as positions to carry out enlightenment propaganda activities.
Around this time, Qiu Shui published three important works: Monster Imperialism in the Twentieth Century (190 1 April), Long and Wide Tongue (1902) and the Essence of Socialism (1July, 903). In Monster Imperialism in the 20th Century, he took patriotism as a lesson, militarism as a latitude, borrowed a lot of world historical facts, exposed the aggressive ambition of imperialism, and pointed out the tragic fate of its inevitable demise. This is the earliest document in the history of Japanese people's anti-imperialism and anti-war. The Long Tongue of Light is a collection of his critical articles published in recent three years, the achievement of his opposition to tyranny and propaganda of socialism, and the record of his ideological development in the socialist movement.
His representative work "The Essence of Socialism" and "My Socialism" by Pianshanqian came out at the same time, both of which are important reading materials for popularizing socialist knowledge and are called "Two Treasures". In this book, Xing De used historical materialism as a weapon to analyze society, touched on the fundamental contradiction between the sociality of production and the private possession of means of production, and began to distinguish utopian socialism from scientific socialism. Because the Japanese proletariat is still in the primary stage, it does not understand the historical role of the proletariat, but hopes for the realization of socialism to unite "people with lofty ideals" with new ideas. His contribution is that he introduced socialism with fluent brushwork, which makes people easy to understand and love to read. It was reprinted six times in half a year, which expanded the influence of socialism and became an important document in the history of Japanese socialist movement.
1903, the struggle of Japanese and Russian imperialism for the sphere of influence in the Far East intensified. Japan set off the propaganda of the main battle theory. Socialists are against war. Qiu Shui took Wan Chao Newspaper as an important position and published a series of non-war peace remarks. 165438+ 10/5. A "civilian society" was established by Yukio Qiushui and Sakai Toshihiko, and the first Japanese socialist newspaper, Civilian News, was published. The headquarters of the "Socialist Association" has also moved from the secluded place on the mountain to the "civilian society". "Civil society" has become the center of the socialist movement. In the speech published in the organ newspaper "Civilian News", the "civilian society" put forward three slogans of freedom, equality and fraternity, raised three banners of populism, socialism and pacifism, and announced the anti-war peace movement within the legal scope, which showed that "words must be carried out" and "deeds must be carried out".
After the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War, Yukio Qiushui published a series of comments, such as "War is coming, we will never admit war" and "Socialist Party's view on war", criticizing the government's war policy and expounding the position of the Socialist Party. At the same time, English columns were opened in newspapers to introduce anti-war movements and socialist movements at home and abroad, so as to promote international solidarity. Xing De's letter to the Russian Socialist Party was published in the form of an editorial in the "People's News", and then the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party responded in the "Mars". 165438+ 10, Xingde Qiushui and Sakai Toshihiko jointly translated the * * * Producer Party Manifesto, which was published on the anniversary of the founding of People's News, and introduced the * * * Producer Party Manifesto to Japan for the first time. The Japanese government is very afraid of the development of the socialist movement and persecutes it on charges of endangering social peace. 1905, 1 In June, 2006, the publication of "People's News" was forced to stop, and the socialists changed "telling the truth" to a position of public opinion. In February, Xingde took "Whoo! Events such as tax increase were sentenced to five months in prison until July. In prison, he read Engels' On Feuerbach and The End of German Classical Philosophy, and also read Kropotkin's Fields of Pastoral, Factory and Handicraft. After he got out of prison, he said, "I was a socialist of Marx when I went to prison and an anarchist when I came out." This shows that his thoughts are changing. Although Xingde is out of prison, there is not much room for activities. On June+10, 5438, the civilian society was dissolved, and he left Japan for the United States on June +065438+10, 5438.
1906 1 month, Japan's political situation changed, Saionji Kinmochi formed a cabinet, and Sakai Toshihiko and others took the opportunity to form the Japanese Socialist Party, and gained the legal right to exist. Xing Desui returned to China in June and delivered a long speech entitled "The Trend of the World Revolutionary Movement" at the welcome meeting held by the Socialist Party, opposing the parliamentary system and proposing direct action strategies. 1907 In February, at the second representative meeting of the Socialist Party, his ideas prevailed, which led to differences and even divisions between the theory of direct action within the party and the theory of parliamentary policy. Prior to this, on February 5, he published "My Thought Change", clearly pointing out that "after all, the real socialist revolution can not be completed by universal suffrage and parliamentary policies. In order to achieve the goal of socialism, we can only rely on the direct action of the United workers. " He has repeatedly explained that the so-called direct action is to organize a general strike of workers, which he believes is the most effective struggle.
After the socialist party was banned, Xing De mainly engaged in translation and published Populism, a collection of his essays in the era of mass journalism, which was immediately banned. /kloc-returned to his hometown in 0/908 and translated Kropotkin's Fight for Bread. 1March 909, the idea of freedom of the press was not only banned, but also fined. The persecution of the autocratic authorities made him unable to move.
19 10 on may 25th, Kyotaro's cabinet arrested four people, including Taidi in the workers' palace, on charges of plotting to assassinate the emperor, and the search scope was extended to the whole country. In June, Xingde was arrested and regarded as the principal offender of the "Great Rebellion", with 26 people arrested and 989 people under surveillance/kloc-0. The "Great Rebellion" is a completely fictional case of the Japanese autocratic authorities, and its purpose is to stifle the revolutionary movement of the Japanese people and the spread of socialist ideas.
191118 in a secret trial, the autocratic authorities sentenced 24 people including xingde qiushui to death (the next day 12 people were sentenced to life imprisonment). On the morning of October 24th, 65438+ year/KLOC-0, Qiu Shui strutted onto the gallows, ending his fighting career of less than 40 years old. In prison, he finally finished On the Killing of Christ. On the day when he learned the verdict, he wrote his last words: "You should stop talking about it whether you succeed or fail. If you live like this, you will feel that your clothes are very noble. " He showed his true colors as a revolutionary, became an outstanding representative of Japanese intellectuals in modern times, and was praised by the people and admired by the youth more and more.