His representative works include History of the Church, Chronicle and Biography of Constantine the Great. Eusebius was born in the northern Palestinian city of Caesarea. He studied under Pan Filos, a famous local Christian theorist and scholar, and later went into exile to escape religious persecution.
But after his arrival, the Western Roman Empire was treated with courtesy and hospitality. In 3 13 AD, after the Roman imperial authorities promulgated the religious tolerance law, Eusebius was elected as the patriarch of Caesarea.
By chance, Eusebius became a good friend of Constantine and was reused as a royal historian by Constantine I. He actively participated in the decision-making of major church affairs under the auspices of the emperor.
He wrote a lot in his life and many works handed down from generation to generation. He imitated the works of Afenus, a writer in the late Roman Empire, and completed a ten-volume chronicle.
This book provides a detailed genealogy of ancient ruling dynasties in the Near East and North Africa, as well as a chronology of secular and church events at that time. His focus is mainly on the development of Christianity, especially the views he put forward in this book have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
Another masterpiece of Eusebius is The Biography of Constantine the Great, which was written to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Constantine I's accession to the throne. This book mainly describes the 30-year rule of Constantine I after he proclaimed himself emperor in July, 306, and records in detail the process of the emperor's reunification in the late Roman Empire under the condition of political turmoil and warlord separatist regime. In this book, the author is full of reverence for the emperor and too many compliments, but it inevitably affects his objective evaluation of historical facts.
We can be sure that the records he left are reliable and true, not only confirmed by other works at that time, but also copied by later writers, and the historical materials are of great value. At the same time, this book has become the most important material for studying the founding history of Constantine I and the Byzantine Empire.
In this biography, a large number of religious affairs of Constantine are recorded. Therefore, it was translated into Latin by church writers at the end of the 4th century, and the original book lasted until the year of Alexius in 395.
In the history of the church, Eusebius fully demonstrated his thoughts and continued his preaching to persuade people to do good. He insisted that the salvation of mankind by Jesus Christ was an important part of history, which followed God's choice of the protagonist in history, and the emperor who was faithful to God's will was God's representative in the world.
Influenced by the above beliefs, Eusebius paid special attention to the description of political and ideological history in his writing. In the book, he used a lot of words to praise Constantine I, but never mentioned Constantine I's misdeeds and atrocities. He also copied the religious tolerance laws promulgated by other emperors to Constantine I's and put gold on his face.
Therefore, these records made by Eusebius have affected the accuracy of church history.
2. What is the ancient history of the West? Hello, ancient history book research.
The history of western historiography begins with classical historiography.
The earliest information is Homer's epic, which is about11-8th century BC.
BC is the history of Herodotus, Thucydides Peloponnesian War, Xenophon's Long March and Greece.
In Roman times, Roman historiography came into being.
Let's talk about the early Roman historiography, represented by Fabian Picto, with The History of Rome as the work, and some works written by the founder of Roman historiography, Old Gatto.
Later, during the period of * * * and the Republic of China, he wrote The Catiline Conspiracy, The Battle of Juguda, History, The Battle of Gaul and Caesar's Civil War.
Then during the imperial period, Li Wei's History Since the Founding of the People's Republic, Tacitus's Germania and Agulli Cora's Biography.
Next is Christian historiography.
The representative figure is the chronicle of Eusebius.
Confessions of St. Augustine and City of God
. . . . . . . . . . ..
Many, many, let's talk about these first.
Generally speaking, the study of western ancient history is to look at the ancient historical books above.
Hope to adopt, thank you, pure hands, so tired,,,,
3. The historical and cultural background of Byzantium is urgently needed. The traditional characteristics of Byzantine culture have their profound historical background.
On the one hand, the area where the Byzantine Empire was located was once the center of the prosperity of Greek culture in history, and Alexander the Great's eastward expedition made all ethnic groups along the eastern Mediterranean and the vast areas of West Asia experience the history of "Hellenization". Therefore, Greek classical culture is deeply rooted in the local ethnic groups and has been recognized by these ethnic groups.
In the Byzantine Empire, most residents used Greek folk language, and almost all intellectuals were proficient in Greek, which made it easier for classical culture to spread through the medium of Greek, and a large number of classical documents were handed down from generation to generation. It can be said that Byzantine culture has a broad social foundation and good academic conditions for absorbing classical culture.
On the other hand, although the Byzantine Empire, which rose after the 4th century, replaced the Roman Empire, it was inextricably linked with the latter. For a long time, Latin was still the official language of the Byzantine Empire, and the Byzantine emperors always remembered the glory of the Roman Empire, especially in the early days of the Byzantine Empire, and they all took it as their responsibility to restore and revive the former glory of the Roman Empire. In this way, the Byzantines inherited the ancient Roman culture with a natural sense of responsibility.
It can be seen that the traditional characteristics of Byzantine culture are the inevitable result of Byzantine historical evolution. In the Middle Ages, Lang's Byzantine culture mainly influenced Western Europe through the Byzantine Empire in southern Italy.
In the early Middle Ages, southern and eastern Italy were influenced by Byzantines for a long time. After the Byzantines conquered the Eastern Gothic Kingdom in the 6th century, Greek residents flooded into southern Italy, and various factors of Greek and Byzantine culture also entered the region. Because Byzantine culture retains the main contents of classical Greek and Roman culture, it is easy to gain the recognition of local people, and Lombardy people also accepted the influence of Byzantine culture in the subsequent conquest and rule.
The turmoil in the Balkans led to more Greeks moving to southern Italy and Sicily. Especially during the iconoclasm movement, a large number of educated missionaries and monks fled to South Italy, which played an important role in the spread of Byzantine culture in Western Europe. The conquest and rule of Sicily by Arabs in the 9th-/Kloc-0th-0th century A.D. led to the concentration of Greek immigrants in Calabria, Lavaine and other areas where Greeks gathered, forming a densely populated Byzantine cultural exchange center with the same national language, religious beliefs, cultural traditions and customs.
After the 9th century, the spread of Byzantine culture appeared in the above areas, which echoed the enthusiasm of Sicilian Arabs to learn classical culture and promoted Western Europeans' understanding of ancient splendid culture. The history of Byzantine culture spreading to the west began as early as the 5th century. At that time, the writers of the "New Alexandria School" expounded the principles of classical literature creation in popular language with their profound understanding of classical literature. Their works spread in the western Mediterranean and had a wide influence.
Historian Eusebius quoted the works of many ancient writers in his History and Chronicle of the Church, imitating the style of Herodotus. His books were translated into Latin and Armenian and spread all over the Mediterranean world and West Asia. In about 526, Grammar written by a linguistics professor at Constantinople University became one of the most authoritative language textbooks in Central Europe.
Byzantine internal medicine, pathological monographs and medical textbooks in the 6th-7th century all had an important influence on medieval western European medicine. The spread of Byzantine culture to the west has appeared many times. For example, during the movement of destroying icons, a large number of priests in exile in Western Europe became the objects of cultural dissemination and research.
/kloc-Byzantine culture once again spread to the west around the fourth Crusade in the early 3rd century. Although this war caused great damage to the Byzantine Empire and the Middle East, it objectively made people from all walks of life in Western Europe personally understand and come into contact with Byzantine culture.
The French knights who personally participated in the siege of Constantinople recorded that the western European knights gathered at the gate "can't believe that there are such rich cities in the whole world ... it would be unbelievable if they didn't see them with their own eyes". During this period, a large number of treasures, cultural relics, books and works of art plundered from Constantinople were widely circulated in western European countries. "Latin houses, courthouses and churches are decorated with looted treasures."
Science and technology such as glass making and map drawing also spread from Byzantine Empire to Western Europe in the same period. The last peak of Byzantine culture spreading to the west appeared after14th century. This time, * * * appeared because of the regional turmoil caused by Turkey's military expansion in the Balkans, which made a large number of Byzantine scholars and craftsmen move to Western Europe, which directly promoted the spread of Byzantine culture in Western Europe and the formation of Italy's enthusiasm for advocating classical culture.
This direct and indirect influence of Byzantine culture on the Italian Renaissance is of great significance. When the bourgeoisie launched the New Culture Movement in early Western Europe, Byzantine countries were being attacked by Ottoman Turks and were heading for extinction. A large number of hopeless intellectuals who hoped to serve their country could not bear the oppression and turmoil of pagans and fled to Italy.
They influenced Italian humanists with their profound knowledge of classical culture and promoted the Renaissance. This period of history is worthy of careful study by future generations.
The first Byzantine scholar who had an important influence on the Italian Renaissance was Balram (1290- 1348). He studied in Constantinople, Thessaloniki and Artos, the holy places of the Orthodox Church, for many years. Later, he studied in Caraglia in southern Italy. During the reign of Emperor Androni Kush III, he was sent to Western Europe as a special envoy for negotiations between the eastern and western churches to win the sympathy and support of western European monarchs. He taught Greek at the Vatican in avignon and all over Italy, spreading the knowledge of ancient Greece.
Peterak (1304- 1374), one of the "three outstanding Italian literary figures", spoke of Balram with reverence, calling him a "teacher who aroused my infinite hope" and "let me know Greek culture better", describing him as an "outstanding Greek orator" and thinking that he was rich in ideas and quick-thinking. Another Byzantine scholar who had an important influence on the Renaissance was Leontius Pilatus, a student from Balram. When he was young, he went to Greece and Italy to study and returned to Italy to teach Greek language and literature. Peterak and Boccaccio (13 13- 1375) are his students.
4. Writing (60 points) 18. According to the following materials, write an article of at least 800 words 18. Composition: writing thinking: this is a narrative material.
After reading the materials, we will think about many phenomena and problems in the current society: why is the impetuous atmosphere of quick success and perfunctory things prevalent? Why is it patriotic to shoot anti-Japanese "drama", smash cars and abuse? What does the Chinese nation seeking the road to prosperity depend on to stand among the nations of the world? The main enlightenment of materials to people is to pursue perfection and strive for perfection. Intention: (1) From the perspective of ancient tea gardens, the reason why tea gardens still enjoy a high reputation from ancient times to the present is because of the spirit of pursuing perfection and striving for perfection.
From this perspective, how can products sell well, how can brands be established, how can enterprises survive, how can countries be strong, and so on. (2) From the monk's point of view: the standard can't be changed casually, pursuing consistency, striving for perfection, never perfunctory, and making persistent efforts.
(3) From the point of view that the ancient tea garden does not accept tickets and tips, it is not utilitarian, not profitable, keep the initial heart, keep things in line, and do not change for the sake of the world. (4) From the point of view of Japan, the Japanese nation's pursuit of perfection is worth learning and thinking about.
To prevent all kinds of Japanese aggression, we must do everything with a more serious attitude and overcome the bad habits of perfunctory, speculation and quick success that cannot be ignored in our nation. This is true patriotism. Off-topic: 1 Comparison between China monks and foreign monks: China monks (such as Shi Yongxin) set up companies, but foreign monks don't accept money. 2. The tourists persisted until the end and finally saw the beautiful scenery.