The longest ruling family in European history.
Habsburg family ruled from 1282 to the end of World War I, which was the longest and widest feudal family in European history.
The Habsburg family is a feudal ruling family in Germany. Its main branch is in Austria, and its ancestors are one of the Germans. Their ancestors came from France, first living in Alsace, France, and then expanding eastward to Algard, Switzerland. 1 1 At the beginning of the century, the family was named after Habsburg, because the bishop of the family, Werner of Strasbourg, established Eagle Castle. The ruling period lasted from 1282 to the end of World War I, and it was the second longest feudal family in European history. 1273, Rudolph I of Habsburg family was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor (1273 ~ 129 1 reigned). From 65438 to 0438, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was inherited by the Habsburg family. 19 18, the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated and the Habsburg Dynasty ended.
The Habsburg family ruled all the emperors.
Rudolph I 127 1- 1293.
The first German king of the Habsburg family and the holy Roman emperor. His coming to power was supported by Pope Gregory X, because the Pope needed a powerful northern ally to help him defeat Italian Charles I. However, Rudolph I's succession aroused the dissatisfaction of all European countries, accusing the election of the emperor of being unfair. King Otoka II of Bohemia became the leader of the opposition, and began to send troops against Rudolph I. Finally, in 1278, Rudolph I defeated Atoka II in the battle of Machifield, and occupied Austria today, becoming the core of the Habsburg family after Japan.
2. Albert II 1437- 1439
At first Albert II was only an Austrian duke, but he managed to marry the daughter of sigismund, the holy Roman emperor, and succeeded to the throne as a son-in-law after the death of the old emperor. Of course, the opposition during the period was deafening, and Albert II began to adopt the policy of force. He immediately supported the Hus uprising in Bohemia, but died early, and it was also a heavy loss to fight against Turkey. However, in any case, he still firmly controlled the continued rule of the Habsburg dynasty.
3. Frederik Iii 1440- 1493
He succeeded to the throne as a great-grandson and became the new leader of the Habsburg family. People often think that he is a weak emperor. At one time, he was driven out of Austria by Hungarian King Matthias Colvis Yunus because of unfavorable combat, and lost Bohemia. But within the family, he still firmly United the strength of the whole family.
4.maksimian I 1508- 15 19。
It was not until 15 years after his father's death that he was officially elected emperor. Before he officially ascended the throne, he married his daughter to French King Charles VIII and forced Princess Brittan to marry himself. Later, a series of marriage methods were adopted, which made the Habsburg family spread all over the European continent. At the same time, he also intervened in the Italian war and gained traditional control and influence over small Italian countries.
5. Charles V 15 19- 1556
Spanish King Charles V succeeded to the throne as a grandson. At this time, Maxim I's marriage policy has achieved initial results, and Charles V began to select and inherit family businesses from various countries. The biggest one of them? Fruit? It is Hungary. Before Maxim I married his granddaughter to Hungarian King Uladislao II. After his death, Charles V was a distant relative, and the Habsburg family successfully annexed Hungary and Bohemia. At the same time, it also gained control of the Netherlands by the same means. At the same time. Is Austria a part of the earth? This statement became popular, meaning that the whole world is a subject of Austria.
6. Ferdinand I 1558- 1564
After his brother died, he inherited the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. At this time, the Habsburg family empire was also divided into two parts, and his nephew Philip II's Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became two independent political entities.
7.maksimian II 1564- 1576。
Inherit as the eldest son. He changed his ancestors' severe repression policy towards Protestantism and began to implement a policy of tolerance and appeasement towards Protestants. The key to the deterioration of relations with Spain is the right to inherit the throne. He also fought against the Turks and successfully defended Austria in the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, becoming a national hero. He refused to accept the sacraments of Catholicism during his lifetime and was considered to have actually converted to Protestantism, but he never publicly admitted it.
Rudolf II (Rudolf II) 1576- 16 12.
Inherit as the eldest son. He inherited his father's religious honor policy, was kind and upright, and was also an excellent historian. But as an emperor, he is unfortunate. During this period, he was also invaded by the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, his younger brother Emperor Matthias launched a rebellion against him in Hungary, and the Pope supported Matthias because he was dissatisfied with his religious policy. The whole empire is in chaos.
9. Matthias1612-1619.
After his brother died of illness, Matthias immediately announced the succession of rebellion and consolidated it by force. Followed by severe religious cleansing, a large number of Protestants were arrested, detained and sentenced. Rebellion and uprising have been going on everywhere. This is the queen of Japan? Thirty years of war? Overture
10, Ferdinand II 16 19- 1637.
To the grandson of Ferdinand I's youngest daughter. After Matthias proclaimed himself emperor, he actually continued to implement Matthias' religious policy, which led to? Thirty years of war? The outbreak and deterioration of. The Habsburg family itself did not substantially curb the development and spread of Protestantism, but the domestic country broke the people's poverty and social order collapsed.
1 1, Ferdinand III 1637- 1657.
During his tenure, he dismissed the commander Warren Stein and became the commander-in-chief of the whole army. However, after that, the Imperial War went from bad to worse. 1648, Ferdinand III had to sign the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, which hastily ended this long and terrible war. The main result of this war was the end of imperial rule in Central Europe.
12, Leopold I 1658- 1705
After the death of Ferdinand III's eldest son, he became the Crown Prince. This period can be described as between Scylla and Charybdis. In the west, it must deal with the menacing Louis XIV. In the east, it is a haunted Turk. He first joined the anti-French alliance in the third Dutch war, and then there was an uprising in Hungary. By 1683, the Imperial Capital was surrounded by Turks. But with the help of Polish King Johan III, Lipper I finally saved the day, gradually stabilized the situation of the whole empire, and the Habsburg family was maintained. At the same time, under his management, Vienna became the center of European culture and art, and he himself was a very excellent composer.
Joseph I13+0705-1711.
He became emperor in the Spanish war of succession to the throne, but died suddenly before the end of the struggle, and he was in office for only six years.
14, Charles VII171-1740.
Inheritance as a brother. This rule ended the war of succession to the Spanish throne. In the East, he continued to resist the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. After participating in the Polish war. There is no male heir, so in his later years, he devoted himself to making countries recognize the inheritance right of his daughter Maria Teresa. Finally, the parties reached the so-called Vienna agreement, but it soon became a piece of waste paper.
Charles VII 1742- 1745
He is the great-grandson of Ferdinand II's daughter and a former voter in Bavaria. Refused to recognize Mother Teresa's right of inheritance, and claimed to be the emperor with the support of Prussia and France. His reign was shorter than that of josef i, and he died only three years later.
16, Maria? Maria Theresa 1740- 1780
1740, Maria was only 23 years old? Teresa became the queen of the German Holy Roman Empire in Habsburg and also the queen of Hungary. He also became the King of Zhongxing in Austria and Habsburg. As soon as he came to power, a war broke out about his female inheritance right. Countries dominated by Prussia and France declared war one after another, and Frederick II's army marched straight into Vienna. Finally, Teresa was forced to sign a contract under the unstable domestic political situation and ceded Silesia to Prussia. After that, he formed an old enemy with Frederick of Prussia. Although he failed to defeat Frederick II in the sword battle in the seven-year war after Japan, he did not let Frederick take any advantage. Also proposed? Would you rather have a moderate peace than a brilliant war? , gave up the previous militant policy. At home, she carried out a series of policies to promote commerce and trade, improve government institutions and popularize education, and resumed the policy of religious freedom. It is welcomed by the people of China. Mom? .
Note: During this period, her husband actually became the emperor of the empire.
17, Joseph II 1780- 1790.
Like her mother, Joseph II is an enlightened monarch. After taking office, he made drastic improvements, abolished feudal serfdom, developed freedom of speech, and began to reduce aristocratic privileges in an attempt to establish a democratic parliament. At the same time, it also declared war on the Catholic church, and many churches became hospitals and schools. He himself is also suspected to be a member of the * * * product association. In diplomacy, he adopted the strategy of uniting Russia and Prussia. However, in the tenth year of his reign, he contracted a strange disease and died suddenly. Even later generations have always suspected that this was poisoned by nobles who were dissatisfied with his reform. However, even today, there are still jokes about commemorating Joseph II. It is said that when Joseph II opened the Platte Forest where nobles hunted to ordinary people, some nobles argued endlessly about their merits, and a marquis said to the emperor. Your majesty, if untouchables can go where only nobles can go in the future, where should we go? Joseph II said with a smile? If only the same nobles could get together, it seems that I really want to take a walk in the royal cemetery?
18, Leopold II 1790- 1792.
As a brother, he inherited the throne. During the French Revolution, he tried to save his youngest sister Antoine, but in the end he failed. Two years after he ascended the throne, he also contracted a strange disease, sudden death.
Francis II 1792- 1835
Inherit as the eldest son. After taking office, encouraged by the nobles, Joseph II's previous reform measures were almost completely cancelled, and the country as a whole showed a retrogressive trend. Later, in several wars with Napoleon, the aura of the holy Roman emperor was completely broken, and the capital Vienna fell into the hands of the French several times. 1806, he lingered for hundreds of years and was ridiculed by Voltaire. Neither Rome nor holiness? The Holy Roman Empire finally fell apart. Emperor Habsburg has since lost the honor of the so-called imperial emperor, leaving only the Austrian throne. Francis II became the last king of the Holy Empire. After that, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to take shape. After Napoleon was completely defeated, he also tried to rebuild the glory of the Habsburg dynasty and established the so-called? Germanic confederation? And Prussia has gradually begun to replace its position, Prussia? Customs union? It is also tit for tat. This decline is beyond Francis's control.
20. Ferdinand I 1835- 1848
Like his father, he is an extreme conservative, but at this time he only has the crown of Austrian emperor. The creation of the first * * * international league was triggered by Marx and Engels in 1847. In this year, that is, 1848, the * * * capitalist declaration became new? The bible? ,? Proletarians lose only chains in this struggle, but they will win the whole world. ? Proletarians have nothing to lose but chains. They have a world to win. This has become their new slogan, and the enthusiasm of the Great Revolution has returned. In March, an uprising broke out in Vienna. As a result, Emperor Ferdinand I was forced to abdicate and his nephew Francis Joseph, who was only 18 years old, succeeded him.
2 1 Flantz? Joseph I1848-1916
Flantz? Josef i (1848-19161848), a handsome young man, took over the crumbling family business from his uncle, and then he ruled Austria for 68 years. First of all, in June+10, 5438, the Habsburg army wiped out the rebels in Vienna, and the imperial capital finally got what your majesty said? Peace? . Later, Francis also realized that the empire was too deep and had to carry out reforms. Unfortunately, he lost in a series of foreign wars, and Habsburg's prestige reached the bottom. The voice of national independence in China is getting stronger and stronger, and only by his policy of combining hard and soft can he barely maintain unity. 1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Serbian nationalists assassinated Franz, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo. The Ferdinand incident became the fuse of the war. When World War I broke out, Austria was once again involved in the war. Old Francis was ignorant and arrogant, which made this war sound the death knell for the Habsburg family. At 19 16, Francis Joseph, who had never seen the war, died alone in Sch? nbrunn Palace.
22. Charles I1916-1918.
As a nephew, he inherited the throne in the predicament of being besieged on all sides. Two years later, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was defeated, the whole country was in chaos, and finally a revolution broke out. After only two years as emperor, Charles I had to take the royal family into exile in Switzerland and become the last king of the Habsburg dynasty.
Today's Habsburg family is different from other overthrown European royal families. The Habsburg family did not disappear or disintegrate because of the revolution. The Habsburg family has always maintained a very close family relationship. After Japan, they also returned to Austria, where members of the Habsburg family can be found active in political, commercial and cultural circles. Similarly, they are also respected by society, and members of the royal family can keep their royal titles.
Today's Habsburg family is different from other overthrown European royal families. The Habsburg family did not disappear or disintegrate because of the revolution. The Habsburg family has always maintained a very close family relationship. After Japan, they also returned to Austria, where members of the Habsburg family can be found active in political, commercial and cultural circles. Similarly, they are also respected by society, and members of the royal family can keep their royal titles.