According to the Soviet Constitution, the Soviet Union is a federal country, which consists of 15 Soviet socialist republics with equal rights (the Soviet Union joined the Soviet Union) in accordance with the principle of voluntary union. The capital is Moscow. The head of state is the chairman of the presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and the president of the Soviet Union. The head of government is the chairman of the Council of Ministers. The name of the armed forces is the Soviet Red Army.
Motto: Proletarians of the world, unite!
Official language Russian
The capital Moscow
zone
Total area: ranked first in disintegration, with 22,402,200 square kilometers.
Human population
Population density 1308/ km2 (19965438+July 0)
The total population is 293047571(1991July).
Independence Day:1917.11.7 (October Revolution)
Officially dissolved199165438+February 26th.
Currency ruble
Time zones UTC +3 to+1 1.
The national anthem (19 17- 1944) is an international song.
An unbreakable alliance
International domain abbreviation. Sue (still in use)
history
1917165438+17 After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia, and immediately signed the Brest Peace Treaty with Germany to withdraw from the First World War. In the following years, Trotsky's Red Army defeated the interference of the White Army and the Allies through a brutal civil war. 1922 12.30, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation form the Soviet Union. Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, died in 1924. Joseph Stalin came to power. He cleaned all his political enemies by cruel means, promoted the policy of agricultural collectivization, and at the same time carried out a big cleaning of the leaders of the party, state and army by eliminating counter-revolutionaries.
Although Stalin was regarded as a tyrant who slaughtered people of all ethnic groups by western countries and some Soviets, he successfully transformed the Soviet Union into an industrial and military power. Under the leadership of Stalin, the Soviet * * * Production Party greatly transformed the Soviet economic production mode, and the Soviet military was several times stronger than before. 1939, the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the Treaty of Non-Aggression between the Soviet Union and Germany, which formed a seemingly inseparable alliance and secretly divided their spheres of influence in Poland, Baltic countries, Finland and Romania. On June 22nd, Adolf Hitler launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. The Soviet Red Army and allied forces captured the whole territory of Nazi Germany in 1945 and won the Second World War. After World War II, Stalin established the Warsaw Treaty with other socialist allies to compete with the United States and NATO.
Stalin died in 1953. The political struggle between the top leaders of the Soviet Communist Party lasted for several years. Then Khrushchev came to power. His secret report at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union 1956 criticized the serious consequences of Stalin and his cult of personality, and the political struggle in the Soviet Union turned to a more humane way. Due to ideological differences, since 1959, a series of arguments and quarrels have taken place between the Soviet Union and the China Party. 1964, Khrushchev stepped down and Brezhnev came to power. During the Cultural Revolution, Sino-Soviet relations were at a low point, with only nominal diplomatic relations and border conflicts such as Treasure Island Incident and Tielekti Incident. 1968, the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia. 1969 Armed conflict with China on the Treasure Island issue was strongly resisted by the people of China. 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. These two actions have been unanimously condemned by the international community.
In the Brezhnev era, the Soviet Union pursued an expansion policy. In addition to the Eastern European Group and Mongolia, Vietnam, South Yemen, Cuba, Angola, Ethiopia and other countries were included in the Soviet camp or military bases were established in these countries. Brezhnev put forward the theory of "limited sovereignty", holding that the sovereignty of socialist countries is limited. In fact, he put forward this theory in order to deprive other socialist countries of their sovereignty and turn other countries into vassals of the Soviet Union. 1980 The Moscow Olympic Games is regarded as a showcase for the Soviet Union to show socialism to the world. However, due to the invasion of Afghanistan, it became the Olympic Games with the largest number of boycotts in history.
1985, Gorbachev, a reformist figure of the * * * production party, came to power. He changed many old ideas. Gorbachev tried to improve the political and economic methods of governing the country, implement the policy of reform and opening up at home, and liquidate historical mistakes. He tried to establish "democratic and humane socialism" in the Soviet Union. On the other hand, his reform has brought unexpected consequences. With the decentralization of the central government, the leaders of the participating countries began to seek greater autonomy. With the deepening of "opening up", the historical problems and crimes of the Soviet Union were exposed, which led to its loss of popular support. Especially in 1989, the mistakes accumulated by * * * productism broke out politically and economically, the * * * production party and its political goals became increasingly unpopular in eastern European countries, and the * * * production party regime in eastern European countries collapsed one after another. The accession of the Soviet Union and the government of China also followed the example of Eastern European countries, aiming at independence from the Soviet Union.
199 1 09 On August 19, the conservatives in the Soviet Union launched an unsuccessful coup, trying to take back the power entrusted to join the Soviet Union and terminate the unsuccessful economic reform. However, under the common opposition of the people, the army and most Soviet party member, the coup failed after only three days. Russian President Yeltsin ordered the Soviet Union to be declared an illegal organization and restricted its activities in the Soviet Union. 199 1 At the end of the year, he signed a contract with the presidents of Belarus and Ukraine in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, to establish the Commonwealth of Independent States and replace the Soviet Union with a structure similar to that of the Commonwealth. Other Soviet countries responded one after another, leaving the Soviet Union, which had existed in name only at this time. 19911On February 25th, Soviet President Gorbachev announced his resignation and handed over state power to Russian President. The Soviet Union officially ceased to be a sovereign country.
For a detailed history of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, please see: Articles on the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
There are fifteen independent countries in the former Soviet Union, namely: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and Moldova. Among them, other countries except the Baltic Sea formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Soviet leaders (in chronological order)
The leader of the production party in the Soviet Union.
Vladimir ilych Lenin/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/7/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/October 6th-/KOOC-0/922 April 3rd (General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee).
Joseph vissarrionovich stalin1April 3, 922-1March 5, 953 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union)
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchov 65438+September 7th 0953-196465438+1October 14 (First Secretary of the Soviet Central Committee).
Leonid ilyich brezhnev/KOOC-0/964/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/982/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/0 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union/KOOC-0.
Yuri vladimirovich andropov1982165438+10 month 12- 1984 February 9 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union).
Konstantin ustinovich chernenko1984 February13-1985 March 10 (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union).
Mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev1March 9851day-199 1 year 65438+February 25th (General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union).
head of the state
Lev Borisovich Kamenev1917165438+10/917165438+/kloc-0.
Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov1917 165438+1October 21-19/March 916.
Mikhail Fedorovich Vladimirski191March 916-1965438+March 30, 2009 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet Congress)
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/2.30-/KOOC-0/938 July/KOOC-0/9 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet Congress,/KOOC-0/922 65438+ February 30 to/KOOC-0)
Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik 65438+May 9, 0946-65438+March 0953 15 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Clement Yevromovich voroshilov1953 March15-1960 May 7 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Leonid ilyich brezhnev1May 7, 960-1July 5, 964 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan 65438+July 5th 0964-196565438+February 9th (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Nikolai Victorovici Podgorica1965 65438+February 9-65438+June 0977 16 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Leonid ilyich brezhnev1977 June16-1982165438+10/0 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Vasili Vasiliyevich Kuznetsov1982 165438+10-1983 June16 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Yuri vladimirovich andropov1983 June16-1984 February 9 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Vasili Vasiliyevich Kuznetsov 65438+February 9th 0984-65438+April 1 1 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Konstantin Ustinovich cernenco1984 April11-1985 March 5 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Vasili Vasiliyevich Kuznetsov1March 5, 985-1July 27, 985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Andrei andreyevich gromyko 1 July 27, 985-65438+August10988 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union)
Mikhail sergeyevich gorbachev1August 19881-1May 25, 1989 (1May 25, 1989 to1March 1990 15) was the chairman of the Supreme Soviet./kloc-.
head of government
Vladimir ilych Lenin/KOOC-0/9/KOOC-0/7/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October 8-/KOOC-0/924 65438+/KOOC-0/October 23 (Chairman of the People's Committee)
Alexei Ivanovich Zhikov 1924 65438+1October 23rd-1930 65438+February19 (Chairman of the People's Committee)
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov19301219-1941May 6 (Chairman of the People's Committee)
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin 1941May 6-1946 March19 (1946 March to March 5, 0953, Chairman of the People's Committee and Chairman of the Council of Ministers).
Gregory Maximilianovich Malenkov1March 5, 953-1February 8, 955 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolay Aleksandrovich Bulganin1February 8, 955-1March 27, 958 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchov 65438+March 27th 0958-196465438+1October 15 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Alexei Nikolayevich Kosykin196410123 October (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Tikhonov/KOOC-0/980/KOOC-0/0/KOOC-0/23 October-/KOOC-0/985 September 27 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov 65438+September 27th 0985-199165438+1October 14 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Valentin Pavlov/KOOC-0/99/KOOC-0/year/KOOC-0/month/KOOC-0/4-/KOOC-0/99/KOOC-0/year August 24th (Soviet Prime Minister).
economy
Look: Soviet economy.
The Soviet economy developed in accordance with the socialist model. The planned economy is implemented and the state monopolizes the means of production. The state controls and regulates the economy through a five-year plan. After the first five-year plan from 1928 to 1932, the proportion of Soviet industrial output value in the national economy rose from 48% to 70%, and the Soviet Union became an advanced industrial country. But the industrial development of the Soviet Union is unbalanced. The military industry, heavy industry, chemical industry and aerospace industry related to national defense are very developed, and their level is in a leading position in the world, but the light industry related to people's livelihood is very backward, resulting in a very low living standard of the people.
The main industrial areas of the Soviet Union are concentrated in Moscow, Leningrad, Donbass and Ural Mountains. Secondary industrial zones include the Baltic Sea, western Siberia and the middle and lower reaches of the Volga River. The industrial departments of the Soviet Union are under centralized management and state regulation, and the products, types, specifications and prices produced by factories are stipulated by the Central Committee of China and the State Economic Committee under the Council of Ministers.
In the Russian era, Russia was one of the major grain exporters in Europe. However, the policy of collectivization of agriculture and elimination of "rich peasants" in 1930s caused devastating damage to agricultural production, so the Soviet Union could no longer be self-sufficient in grain. The Soviet Union completed the collectivization of agriculture at the end of the second five-year plan. Collective farms are the basic units of agricultural production, and mechanized sowing and cultivation are carried out through tractors, cars and combine harvesters belonging to collective agricultural machinery stations.
The main food crop in the Soviet Union is wheat, and other important crops are sugar beet, cotton, potato, corn and tobacco. There are cash crops such as coffee and sugarcane in the Caucasus.
culture
The education penetration rate in the Soviet Union is very high. Ten-year compulsory education has been implemented throughout the country, basically eliminating illiteracy. Famous universities in the Soviet Union include Moscow University, Leningrad University, Kharkov University, Kiev University and Institute of International Relations. Literature, art, film and publishing in the Soviet Union were all controlled by the CPSU, allowing free creation without touching politics and censorship. However, so-called "negative" and "decadent" works (equivalent to western avant-garde art) are prohibited.
The Soviet scientific research center is the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The writers' organization is the Soviet Writers Association. The official news agency is Tass. Pravda is the organ of the CPSU. Other major newspapers are Izvestia, Pravda, Literature, Labor and Red Star.
administrative division
The All-China Alliance has 15 participating countries, border areas and states. There are 65,438+055 states (област11000) and 6 border areas in China. Eight autonomous prefectures (автономнаяобаст1100)
15 the participating countries and their autonomous countries are:
Russian Soviet Federal Socialist Republic * * (росийскаясоветска)
Soviet socialist autonomy in Bashkir * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (башкирскаяасржбашшш)
Buryat Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (бурятскаяассрбурблб)
Dagestan Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (дагестанскаяасср, дд)
Kabardino-Balkar Soviet Socialist Autonomous Republic
Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (калмыщкаяассркалмы)
Karelia Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (карелскааср)
Soviet socialist autonomous Republic
Mali Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (марйскаяаср)
Moldova Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (модовскаяаср, мор)
Soviet Socialist Autonomy in North Ossetia * * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (северосетинскаяаа)
The Republic of Tatar (татарскаяасрртаттт) Soviet socialism.
Tuva Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (тувинскаяаср)
Udmurt Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (удмуртскаяаср)
Chechen-Ingushetia Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (чеченоингушскал10888)
Chuvash * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (чуваачувашскаяаср)
Yakutia Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (якути?якутскаяаср)
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (украинскаясоветска)
Belarus Soviet Socialist Republic * * * (белорускаясоветсккр)
Estonian Soviet Socialism * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (эстонскаясоветскв)
Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (латвийскаясоветска)
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (литовскаясоветска)
Moldavia Soviet Socialist Republic (молдавскаясоветса)
Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (грузинскаясоветска)
Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (армянскаясоветская)
Abkhaz Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (абхазскаяасссрабха)
Republic of Azar * * (адарскаяасраддари) Soviet socialism.
Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (азербайданскаясове)
Nakhichevan Soviet Socialist Autonomy * * Republic (нахичеванскаяаср)
Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic * * (кахскаясоветскаяб)
Uzbek Soviet Socialism * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (узбекскаясоветская)
Karakalpake Soviet socialist autonomy * * People's Republic of China (PRC) (какалпакскаяассс)
Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (киргизскаясоветска)
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (туркменскаясоветск)
Soviet politics
According to Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, the CPSU and its 20 million party member are the ruling core of the country. Party branches should be established in every factory and collective farm. The core of the whole system is the The CPC Central Committee members of the Soviet Union. After Stalin's era, in order to avoid the concentration of power in one person's hands, the Soviet Union implemented the principle of collective leadership, and whoever can grasp the majority vote of the Central Committee can grasp the leadership of the party and the state.
Members of the political bureau of the party belong to the privileged class of the country. They enjoy special medical care, can go to special shops to buy duty-free and low-priced luxury goods imported from the west, live in apartments and villas provided by the state, have special motorcades, have special fast lanes in the middle of the road, and have special hunting forest areas and convalescent beaches. Their children can easily join the party, enter famous universities such as the Institute of International Relations, and find the best jobs in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Trade and embassies abroad. This class also includes the heads of the army and KGB, as well as the main officials of various countries that have joined the United States. The lower classes are factory directors, bank managers, local leaders and party branch secretaries. They control the distribution of goods and local privileges. The living standard of ordinary people was the lowest in Stalin's time. This is also related to the domestic and international situation of the Soviet Union at that time. In the Khrushchev era, the Soviet Union and the United States launched a peaceful competition to improve people's living standards, and people's lives began to improve. Brezhnev put forward the concepts of "all-people party" and "all-people country". The domestic political struggle no longer involves ordinary people and improves their living standards. The government provides free medical care and free education. The rent is very cheap, only a few rubles a month, including heating, telephone and water. Many people can go to the Black Sea for a holiday, or take government subsidies to a nursing home for recuperation. This is the concept of welfare state in the Soviet model. Although there are not many consumer goods sold, the prices are relatively low. However, unlike the Nordic welfare countries, the welfare policy of the Soviet Union did not have a solid economic foundation as its financial guarantee, which caused the economic dilemma in the post-Brezhnev era. The Constitution of the Soviet Union guaranteed employment, so people felt that they didn't have to work. Corruption, theft and embezzlement of state property are very common, bribery is common and production efficiency is low. The second half of Brezhnev era is called the "stagnation period" and "fossilization period" of the Soviet Union.
The inner-party struggle after Stalin adopted a more civilized way. Losers are no longer shot, but exiled to remote areas to hold unimportant positions. Dissidents are no longer destroyed by the body, but are punished by exile or imprisonment in special mental hospitals according to their influence. Political prisoners among ordinary people are put into prisons and reform-through-labour camps like criminals. KGB is synonymous with Soviet terror. It has more than 700,000 employees and almost the same number of informants. The influence of KGB has penetrated into all classes and departments in China. In fact, the word "KGB" has now become synonymous with the terrorist rule of the secret police.