In March of the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Jiangnan General Manufacturing Bureau set up a shipyard to trial-produce ships. At the same time, it is planned to establish a translation library. In May, together with Li Hongzhang, the General Administration of Jiangnan Manufacturing was moved from Hongkou to Gaochang Hall, and the scope of land acquisition was expanded and laws and regulations were greatly increased. In June, it was awarded the Tijen University Pavilion.

In April of the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), he was awarded a bachelor's degree in Wuyingdian. On May 3 1, I went to Shanghai to inspect Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration. In August, he was ordered to be transferred to the governor of Zhili. In September, the first ship trial-produced by Jiangnan Shipyard sailed for Jiangning, and once boarded the ship for trial flight, it was named "Tianji". In February 65438, Zeng Guofan arrived in Beijing to meet Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Tongzhi.

Zhangzhidong

In the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), Zhang Zhidong founded Guangya Bookstore and Guangya Academy in Guangzhou. When he was in Zhaoqing, the original Duan Xi Academy in Guangdong, he hired Liang Dingfen to preside over Duan Xi Academy. Later, Liang Dingfen led teachers and students to Guangya Academy. Zhang Zhidong also hired Zhu Yixin to give lectures at Guangya College. At that time, Liang Dingfen was found guilty of impeaching Li Hongzhang and was demoted for impeaching eunuch Li. Zhang Zhidong resisted criticism and continued to hire them.

In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889), Zhang Zhidong went to the imperial court and suggested to build a Luhan railway from Lugou Bridge to Hankou to connect the north and the south. He believes that the benefits of railways are the greatest, followed by recruitment and wage adjustment. He proposed that the Luhan Railway is "the hub of trunk roads and the starting base of feeder roads, and China is the best in Italy" [8]. The court allowed it to play, and the northern section of the plan was presided over by the governor of Zhili, and the southern section was presided over by the governor of Huguang. Both the northern and southern sections were built. So the Qing court transferred Zhang Zhidong to the governor of Huguang. In August, he was transferred to the Governor of Huguang and acted as the Governor of Liangjiang for many times. In this historical process, under the specific planning and personal guidance of Zhang Zhidong himself, Hubei has successively established self-improvement school (now the predecessor of Wuhan University), armament school and agricultural school (now the predecessor of Huazhong Agricultural University). Hubei Technical School, the predecessor of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, was also born under the planning and guidance of Zhang Zhidong in this historical period. Not only in Hubei, Zhang Zhidong founded Sanjiang Normal School (the predecessor of Nanjing University) in Nanjing during the period of Governor of Liangjiang. [9] In the winter of the same year, Zhang Zhidong arrived in Hubei. The first is to build Hanyang Iron Works. Zhang Zhidong, a businessman, once played some jokes. He telegraphed Xue Fucheng, the ambassador to Britain, to buy the machine furnace of the steel mill. The boss of the Tissett factory in England replied, "To run a steel plant, we must first send iron, stone, coal and coke to the factory for testing, and then we will know what the texture of coal and iron is, and what steel can be smelted, that is, what furnace to use, which is a thousand miles away." Zhang Zhidong boasted, "Given the size of China, why not? Is it necessary to find coal and iron before buying a furnace? But according to British users, a penny is worth a penny. " British factory owners have to obey. Therefore, the machine furnace is located in Hanyang, Daye is iron, and Maanshan is coal. Maanshan pays equal attention to coal ash, so it is impossible to make coke, so we have to buy thousands of tons of coke from Germany. Guangxu sixteen to twenty-two years (1890- 1896) cost 5.6 million taels, but it was not refined into steel. Later, the coal from Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province was used, and the steel made was too brittle and easy to crack. Zhang Zhidong knew that the machine furnace he bought was acidic and could not be dephosphorized. Steel with too much phosphorus is brittle. So he borrowed 3 million yuan from Japan to change the original mechanical furnace into an alkaline furnace, thus producing high-quality Martin steel.

In the 20th year of Guangxu (1894), the Governor of Liangjiang was transferred for more than one year. He attached great importance to education in Hubei and Jiangsu, and founded and reorganized many academies and schools. In Hubei, there are two lakes academy, Jingxin academy, agricultural school, craft school, military equipment self-improvement school, business school and so on. In Nanjing, there are talent reserve schools, railway schools, army schools and naval schools. He sent overseas students to study in Japan. In terms of learning subjects in schools and academies, he reformed according to the needs of society and added some new subjects. He also pays attention to training the army. During his tenure as Governor of Liangjiang, he trained the Jiangnan Self-Strengthening Army, with the number of 10000, and was stationed in Xuzhou. All the officers are Germans and trained in the western way. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), he returned to the position of governor of Huguang and handed over the self-strengthening army to Liu Kunyi, governor of Liangjiang.

Li Hongzhang

1865, with the support of Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang bought Shanghai Hongkou Meishangqi Iron Works, merged with Han Dianjia and Ding Richang, and expanded into Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau. At the same time, Suzhou Machinery Bureau moved to Nanjing with Li Hongzhang and expanded to Jinling Machinery Bureau. In the ninth year of Tongzhi, he was transferred to the governor of Zhili and took over the Tianjin Machinery Bureau founded by Chonghou to expand the production scale. As a result, Li Hongzhang founded three of the four major military enterprises in early modern China, and as he himself said, "making weapons is the first thing in training". Later, in the actual operation of introducing western equipment for modern production, he further concluded: "If China wants to strengthen itself, it is better to learn from foreign sharp tools. There is no better way to learn foreign sharp tools than to find tools to make sharp tools and learn their methods without all of them. Those who want to find tools and instruments for making utensils, or set up special departments to select scholars, will be considered rich and famous all their lives, then their careers can be achieved, their skills can be improved, and their talents can be gathered, reflecting their deepening understanding.

Later, in the 1970s and 1980s, Li Hongzhang successively founded a series of civil enterprises, including Cizhou Coal Mine in Hebei, Xingguo Coal Mine in Jiangxi, Guangji Coal Mine in Hubei, Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Woven Layout, Yixian Coal Mine in Shandong, Tianjin Telegraph Administration, Tang Xu Railway, Shanghai Telegraph Administration, Jingu Railway, Mohe Gold Mine, Rehe Sidaogou Copper Mine, Sanshan Lead-Silver Mine and Shanghai Huasheng Textile General Factory, involving mining and railways. In terms of management policy, it gradually changed from official supervision and commercial office to official-commercial joint operation, which objectively promoted the development of capitalism in China and marked the beginning of China's modernization.

guifen feng

In the third year of Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its capital in Nanjing, and he was sent to Suzhou near Nanjing to help organize troops against the Taiping Army. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the Taiping Army captured Suzhou. After the defeat, he went to Shanghai and continued to participate in Li Hongzhang's Xiang Army's campaign to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Later, he helped Li Hongzhang create the Huai Army with the experience of British and American weapons. During his tenure, he completed 40 representative works of political theory, Protest at School, and put forward that "China's ethics and morality are the original, supplemented by the skill of making the country rich and strong". His thought had a great influence on the Westernization School and was regarded as the forerunner by the bourgeois reformists. Yu Yue once praised him for "learning everything, but aiming to serve the contemporary useful learning".