Franks first lived in the lower reaches of the Rhine (in present-day Belgium). They were divided into two groups. The coastal tribes are called Salik people, and those who live on both sides of the Rhine River are called Pouard people. In the 4th century, in the torrent of national migration, Franks took the opportunity to invade northern Gaul. It was not until the Clovis era (48 1 ~ 55 1) that Frank developed into a powerful unified country.
In 486, Clovis, together with other military leaders, defeated Siagris in the Battle of Soyson and seized the last Roman territory in Gaul. Siagris fled to the Visigoth kingdom. Clovis sent an emissary to the Visigoth King alaric to hand over the escaped prisoner. Alaric was afraid of provoking the Franks, and finally handed over Sia Griou, and Clovis secretly executed him.
Then, Clovis conquered Arreman in the east in 496 and the Visigoth kingdom in the south in 507. In the battle of Poitiers, Alaric II, the Visigoth king, died, and Clovis incorporated aquitaine into the territory of the Frankish kingdom. When Clovis returned to Toure triumphantly, he received a letter from the Eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius (49 1 ~ 5 18) and appointed him consul. In the church of Saint Martin in Toure, he put on a purple robe, shawl and crown, and was cheered by people. From then on, Clovis was recognized as the king of all Franks.
Clovis did four great things during his reign: First, in the process of conquering the Roman Empire, he confiscated two-thirds of the land and distributed it to his soldiers, courtiers and bishops. However, the land confiscated by Clovis was mainly the land of the Roman royal family and the national treasury, so many Roman landlords stayed in Gaul, and they merged with the Frankish nobles politically, forming a new landlord class, which was conducive to Clovis' reunification. Second, convert to Christianity. At the end of the Roman Empire, the church owned huge real estate and formed a special political force. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the church tried its best to move closer to the "barbarian" rulers. For "barbarians", see Ponzi: Economic History of Medieval Europe, page 43. According to Coulson, in the 6th and 7th centuries, Goths only accounted for 5% of the inhabitants of the Pyrenees Peninsula. See medieval times, paper,No. 10, page 29, Moscow, 1957. The clan king also needs the support of the church. Clovis was the first to take action. In 496, he led 3000 soldiers to be baptized by the holy bishop Remigis in Reims. Since then, with the support of the church, Clovis has continued to win. In 507, in the battle to conquer the Visigoths, Clovis won a decisive victory with the support of the Bishop of the Royal Riverside City. In recognition of the contribution of the church, Clovis ordered a religious conference in Orleans in May11to reaffirm the temple privileges stipulated by ancient Roman law. Anyone who commits murder, theft or adultery can take refuge in the church, and no one has the right to enter and search the church. The property of churches and clergy is tax-free. The church law has the same nature as the national laws and regulations, which makes the church a part of the political power, and the new feudal superstructure is gradually established and improved. Third, cut off political enemies. Clovis used all kinds of conspiratorial means to destroy political opponents and make Frank move towards reunification. One of the most powerful opponents is Sigi Burt, who is the leader of the Alpha Franks in Rip, occupying vast areas on both sides of the Rhine River, all in Keren. He took part in the battle to conquer the Indians and was disabled by a knee injury. Clovis secretly instigated Siggy Burt's son, saying that his father was old and lame. If his father is removed, power and wealth will belong to him. So Sigilbert's son sent someone to assassinate his father in an attempt to seize power. After Siegbert was killed, Clovis executed his son Claude Rick on the pretext that the land on both sides of the Rhine belonged to Clovis. Then, ethnic military leaders Karalik and ragnar Karl were also murdered by Clovis. In this way, he extended his rule to the whole Gaul. Fourth, the compilation of the famous Salik code. Its purpose is to strengthen the rule. Among the 4 18 codes, there are 343 prohibited crimes. Theft, murder, arson and violation of land boundaries will all be punished. Article 13 of Chapter 27 of the Code stipulates that "if you are caught stealing grapes, you will be fined 600 silver coins, equivalent to 15 gold coins". The code also stipulates that "whoever sets fire to a house and its affiliated buildings will be fined 2,500 silver coins, equivalent to 63 gold coins". At that time, two gold coins could buy a cow. ) These are measures to maintain the feudal order.
From some provisions of the Salik Code, we can also see that the division of rural communes in the Frankish kingdom, such as cultivated land and grassland, has stopped distribution and can be inherited, but at first it can only be inherited by male immediate family members. Article 4 of Chapter 19 of the Code initially stipulates: "Land heritage shall not be passed on to women under any circumstances, but all land shall be passed on to men, that is, brothers".
Clovis also used high fines to maintain the emerging feudal privileges and feudal ranks. For example, the code stipulates: "Those who disobey state orders and refuse to go to court will be fined 600 silver coins, equivalent to 15 gold coins". "Members shall not object to immigrants who carry imperial orders, or they will be fined 200 gold coins". The power of the king has obviously increased. The difference of living compensation also reflects the formation of feudal hierarchy. The code stipulates that killing free Franks is 200 gold coins, and killing soldiers of kings is 600 gold coins. Killing the bishop is 900 gold coins, which is many times higher than the price of a free man.
The development of feudal relations from the 6th century to the 7th century. 5 1 1 year after Clovis' death, the Frankish kingdom split and gradually formed three independent kingdoms: Ostrasia in the northeast, New Strija in the northwest and Burgundy in the southeast. They fought for power and profits, resulting in a long-term feudal scuffle, and all the burdens were passed on to serfs, thus accelerating the disintegration of rural communes and the formation of feudal real estate. This is first manifested in the further destruction of land ownership in rural communes. During the reign of Hill Perik (56 1 ~ 584), women had acquired the right to inherit real estate. Hill Perik's edict clearly stated: "If the sons are dead and the daughters are still alive, they can get these lands just like their sons." The establishment of women's inheritance right is a further destruction of public ownership of land, because women can transfer an inheritance to other families when they get married, which is essentially a disguised cession. From then on, (1) a copy of the medieval historical materials, 1953 Russian version, the first 1 volume, the first 12 1 page.
It began to change and entered a new stage, that is, the stage of free cession and free sale, and the concentration of large areas of land was only a matter of time.
In addition to free sale and transfer, feudal violence also played an important role in the loss of free farmers' land. Engels pointed out when talking about the reasons for the concentration of real estate: "On the one hand, it was due to civil war and confiscation, on the other hand, it was mostly forced by the times to transfer the land to the church for safety." In the 7th century, the church has become a big landlord, occupying nearly one third of the total land. Many churches have 7,000 to 8,000 manors. Churches with less than 2000 estates are just petty bourgeoisie. In order to gain the support of the church, King Frank also granted a lot of land to the church. King Hill Perrick once sighed: "Look, how empty my treasury has become! You see, all our possessions have been given to the church! " King Dagobert I (692 ~ 739) even gave all the income of Toure to St Martin's Church. In 6 13, the new king of Strija, Lothar II, with the support of big noble, once unified the whole of Frank, so he issued an imperial edict, made concessions to secular big noble, and recognized all the fiefs and judicial administrative privileges given to big noble by his ancestors. The king could only appoint the earl from the big landlords within the earl's jurisdiction, which greatly strengthened the power of local nobles. By the middle of the 7th century, the real power fell to Gong Xiang. Gong Xiang was originally an official in charge of the royal manor, and later became the head of the court, in charge of the king's property and income and expenditure, and later gradually became a real power figure. In 687, the court minister of Ostria, Gestel Pippin, defeated the court minister of New Strija and became the master of all Franks, while the king became a puppet. The period when the king idles around and does not ask about political affairs is called the "lazy king" period (639 ~ 75 1 year).
In 7 14, Charles Martel reformed, Gestapo Ping died, and his son Charles Martel succeeded Gong Xiang. In 7 17, he suppressed the aristocratic rebellion and Saxon uprising in New Strija.
In 720, based in Spain, Arabs invaded South Gaul with the support of Duke Aquitaine and Burgundy nobles. Charles Martel had a long struggle with the Arabs. In 732, the Arabs suffered a decisive defeat in the battle near poitiers, which prevented them from continuing to advance to Europe. Then the Duke of Aquitaine and the nobles of Provence were conquered by Charlie. Since the death of the Merovian king in 737, there has been no new king, and Charlie ruled alone. During Charles Martel's tenure as a government official (7 14 ~ 74 1), he made a major reform in the form of land possession. Due to the completely private way of land grant implemented by Morovin dynasty, the king's land was completely exhausted, which not only weakened the royal power economically, but also caused feudal separatism politically. Therefore, Charles Martel adopted the "fief" system, and the fief's territory could not be hereditary under normal circumstances, and it was conditional on military service, which prevented the lords from sitting up and strengthening their own force. Because of the bankruptcy of free peasants, cavalry has replaced infantry and become the main force of the battle, so Charlie's enfeoffment was mainly aimed at cavalry, thus laying the foundation for the emergence of the chivalry class later. The enfeoffment of fiefs led to the relative consolidation of land ownership and the further serfdom of farmers, and the owners of fiefs forced the residents in their territory to take corvee or pay service rent. The vast number of vassals lived by exploiting dependent farmers. The establishment of fief system deepened the subordinate relationship between feudal lords and princes, and promoted the formation and consolidation of feudal hierarchy with land as the link. Charles Martel's reform was the result of Frankish feudalism, and the change of land relations led to the further development of Frankish feudalism.
Charles Martel confiscated the land of churches and rebel nobles, which happened in the early May Tam dynasty, but never on a large scale like the Charlemagne dynasty. For example, he once gave two bishops, Lance and Treves, to Milo, his follower; Give the archdioceses and monasteries of Paris, Rouen and Baraona to his nephew Hugh. The Pope protested, but he ignored it.
With the support of Knight and Qin Bing, Charles Martel temporarily strengthened the central government, which is his complete works of Engels: The Frankish Age and Marx and Engels, Chinese version, vol. 19, p. 547. The successor laid the foundation for usurping the throne.
The death of the pipeline dwarf and Charles Martel 74 1. During his life, he divided his territory into two parts. Kaman, the eldest son, won the titles of Ostrasia and Berman, and Pippin, the second son, won New Strija and Burgundy. In 747, Carmen was cut into a friar, and Pippin, a dwarf, ruled the whole of Frank, but he was still a court official in name. In order to usurp the throne, Pippin, as a dwarf, tried his best to seek the support of the church, adjusted the tense relationship with the church, and regarded all the church land once a fief as the property of the church. The vassal should pay a certain fee to the church. However, the vassals must perform military service for the country, and the king must agree that the church has no right to recover their land. This kind of property is called "Wang Cien's land". This agreement temporarily eased the contradiction between the church and the state, which was conducive to Pippin's usurpation of power. In 75 1 year, he sent messengers to ask Pope Zachary who should be king. This created the privilege of the pope to abolish the monarch, and found a theoretical basis for the religious power to be higher than the royal power. In the same year, Pippin was elected as the king of Frank at the Frankish aristocratic meeting held in Soisson, which was the beginning of Caroline dynasty.
Pippin made two expeditions to Italy (754 and 757) to thank the Pope for his support, and forced Astor, King of Lombardy, Germany, to hand over the occupied city of Rome and Lavaine, the viceroy, to the Pope. At the same time, the Pope quoted a forged "Constantine gift", that is, as early as the 4th century, Constantine the Great had given the Pope "Rome, Italy and Western cities".
The Formation of Charlemagne Empire After the death of Pipeline in 768 AD, the Frankish kingdom was inherited by his two sons, Charlie and Carmen. When Carmen died in 77 1 year, Charlie unified the whole Frankish kingdom. During the reign of Charles (768 ~ 8 14), the Frankish kingdom was in its heyday. He was in office for 46 years and participated in 53 battles. He explored the East and the West, and his territory almost doubled, including France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Italy and parts of Spain, so Frank called him Charlemagne in history, which means Charlemagne.
Shortly after he ascended the throne, he marched into Italy and annexed Lombardy's territory in 774, calling himself Frank and King of Lombardy. Then he fought the Arabs. In 778, it crossed the Pyrenees, occupied Barcelona and established the Spanish Mark (80 1). In this battle, Roland's Charlie Guard troops were attacked by Basques in the Pyrenees, almost all of them were wiped out, and Roland himself was killed. The famous epic Song of Roland in the Middle Ages was written on this theme.
The most important battle in Charlie's life was against the Saxons. After 18 important battles, it took him more than 30 years (772 ~ 804) to make Saxony surrender. In the Battle of Verdun in 782, Charlie executed 4500 Saxon hostages in one day, and later divided 1000 Saxon youths to prevent rebellion. Around 780, Charlie issued a law on Saxony, forcing Saxons to accept Christianity, and those who disobeyed were sentenced to death. Article 1 1 of the royal decree also stipulates that "anyone who is unfaithful to the king will be sentenced to death". Later, Charlie divided the conquered Saxon land into several earl territories and became part of the empire.
In 785, Wei, the representative of Saxon nobles who led the Saxon uprising, also surrendered to Charlie and was baptized.
Meanwhile, in 788, Charlie conquered Bavaria in the south. With the support of Frankish nobles, he abolished the power of the former Duke of Bavaria and was ruled by an earl appointed by him.
Frank's influence continued to expand eastward. In 796, he wiped out the Avar people in the lower reaches of the Danube.
Charlie's series of conquest wars formed a huge empire from the Elbe River and Danube River in the east, the Pyrenees and Italy in the south, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the North Sea in the north.
The title of king can no longer satisfy Charlie, who is waiting for the favorable opportunity to be crowned emperor. In 799, the Roman nobles brutally persecuted Pope Leo III, trying to gouge out his eyes and cut off his tongue, forcing him to flee Rome in a hurry. Charlie personally led the troops to escort him back and lived there all winter. In order to repay the king's support, on Christmas Day in 800, Leo III crowned Charles at St. Peter's Church in Rome and made him accept the title of Emperor and Augustus. This aroused the dissatisfaction of the Byzantine emperors, because the Byzantine rulers thought they were the only heirs of the ancient Roman emperors. It was not until 8 14 that the Byzantine emperor Michael I had to admit the title of Charlemagne.
But Charlemagne Empire was maintained by force, and it had no solid economic foundation. In terms of race, it is also extremely complicated. In addition to Franks, there are Burgundy, Lombardy, Saxon, Roman and other races. These tribes or tribes are not related to each other economically, speak different languages and are at different stages of social development. Some tribes still have a strong primitive commune system, and some tribes have begun to feudal. Due to the conquest and cruel oppression of Franks, they often revolted, which also deepened the contradictions within the empire.
In order to strengthen his rule, Charlie divided the country into 98 counties, and the emperor appointed the earl to rule.
Ors is often the biggest local Lord. On behalf of the emperor, he was responsible for taxation, justice, conscription and maintaining public order. One third of the country's tax revenue belongs to the count. Set up signs in border areas and be managed by border guards. In order to check the work in various places and prevent the earl from having too much power, he established a system of governors' envoys, and the central government often sent governors' delegations to inspect and investigate various places. In 802, he issued a decree on the inspection team, which stipulated that the inspection team was composed of secular feudal lords, including archbishops, bishops and abbots, as well as secular officials loyal to the emperor. It is also stipulated in the imperial edict that anyone over the age of 12 must swear allegiance to the emperor. Charlie also ordered the establishment of schools to train talents for the ruling class. He invited Alku, a famous British scholar, to preside over court schools, cultivate children of the royal family and nobles, and manage schools run by churches in various countries. Altyn understands Charlie's intentions very well. When he established a church school in Dole, he wrote to Charlie: "I am actively committed to many jobs in order to train many people, serve the holy God of the church, and decorate your imperial regime."
Although Charlie took many measures to strengthen the political power, with the rise of feudal privileged class and free peasant serfdom, the military pillar of the empire collapsed and was replaced by the local strongmen of separatist parties, who increasingly dismembered the empire.
With the establishment of feudalism and the division of empire, Charlemagne continued to conquer for many years, and military service and taxes became a heavy burden for commune members. Anyone who occupies three or five pieces of land in Hu Fei is obliged to take part in the war. Free men who have no land at all but have five solida (2) movables must also send a soldier to every six people, and each of the remaining five people will give a solida to finance the exploration. Because the soldiers who went out to war had to bring their own rations for half a year, in order to avoid military service, the members were forced to seek refuge from the church and secular feudal lords in batches or in the whole village. According to records, in about 820, 65,438+04 freemen gave their land to Saint Zemen Monastery in New Flat and became serfs themselves. Because they could not meet the king's requirements, they served in the war. Therefore, Engels pointed out: "Not surprisingly, as early as Charles' time, among the five people, it is actually impossible to find even one person who can really perform military service." 18 1 1 year, Charlemagne's imperial edict on the expedition also revealed: "The poor said indignantly that they were expelled from their land, and the bishops, abbots and their agents were expelled, as well as the earl and his centurion. They said: If a poor man refuses to hand over his (1) farmer's land of the same size, it is "Hu Fei".
(2) the Roman currency used by the Frankish countries. Solida is a gold coin. Each solida weighs 1/72 pounds, and each solida is 40 silver coins (there).
Engels: Marx, Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 19, p. 362.
When the land is given to a bishop, abbot or earl, these adults invent various excuses to take him to court, or order him to serve in the army for a long time until these people are completely bankrupt and have to hand over or sell the land. "Farmers have changed from free landowners to free tenants. They have lost the ownership of the land, but only retained the right of possession and use, so they were forced to hand over part of their surplus labor and surplus products to the landlord-Lord. After several generations, they gradually lost their personal freedom and became serfs attached to the lords.
When Charlemagne was alive, according to the list of real estate of Paris Saint-Germain monastery, there were 2,788 families living in the territory of the monastery, of which 2,080 were slave owners, 35 were semi-freemen, 220 were slaves, and only 8 were free tenants. It can be seen that slave owners account for the vast majority, while the number of semi-freemen, slaves and free small farmers has decreased sharply, and most of them have joined the ranks of dependent farmers.
In order to maintain theocracy, Charlemagne attached great importance to the interests of the church. He personally presided over 16 religious conferences in his life. In 789, according to the resolution of the religious conference, a general order was promulgated, with 82 chapters, which made detailed provisions on the interests of the church and the rules of life that monks should abide by. In 802, an imperial decree was promulgated, reaffirming that "no one may divide up religious property and keep it for himself." Any property donated to the church becomes the legal property of the church and cannot be claimed back. Anyone who dares to violate the above laws and regulations must compensate for the losses and be punished by law. As a result, the education industry has expanded rapidly. In August10, at the religious conference in Ahern, the church property was divided into three classes, the first class had 3000 ~ 8000 territory, the second class had 1000 ~ 3000 territory, and the third class was less than 1000 territory. Among them, the famous Germanic monastery in Fulda has a property of 15000. Before his death, Charlemagne divided all his property into three parts, two of which were divided into 2 1 part and distributed to the cities under the jurisdiction of 2 1 part archbishop. (1) Church lords and secular lords enjoy various privileges within their jurisdiction, besides taxes, they also have jurisdiction over residents, and local armed forces are also under the jurisdiction of bishops and abbots. The church also used religious superstitions to intimidate and blackmail farmers to obtain huge wealth. The Roman church headed by the Pope occupies nearly one-third of the cultivated land in western Europe. In addition to collecting land rent, it also has the right to collect tithes from serfs and unite the whole of Western Europe into a huge political system. Therefore, any anti-feudal struggle later will touch the nerve center of the church.
In 8 14, after the death of Charlemagne, his son Louis (8 14 ~ 840) succeeded to the throne. He is a man who doesn't care about state affairs, is addicted to religion and is fooled by the priest, so he got the nickname "sincerity". He used huge sums of money to run various "charitable" undertakings and presented gifts to courtiers at every religious festival. So just three years after he acceded to the throne, he divided the land among his three sons. The eldest son, Rozel, won the eastern part of the empire, the second son, Pippin, won aquitaine, and the third son, Louis, won Bavaria and its vicinity in southern Germany. And declared Rothschild, the eldest son, heir to the throne. In 829, loyal Louis overthrew the division of 8 17, and set aside some territory for his youngest son bald Charlie, who was born to his later wife. His three sons all opposed the decision, so a civil war broke out between father and son for nearly ten years. In 840, loyal Louis died and Rotour succeeded him. It was not until 843 that treaty of verdun was able to sign it. According to the treaty, Louis, a German, acquired the area between the Rhine River and the Elbe River in eastern Frank. Bald Charlie took the west of Frank, which is the area west of the Rhine; Rothel bought a narrow strip in the middle of Frank, including Italy, and formed the embryonic form of Germany, France and Italy.
Due to the division of the empire, the power to resist foreigners was weakened. Arabs attacked France and Italy from Spain. They controlled the whole western Mediterranean and occupied the islands in it. Magyars (Hungarian) established his own country on the banks of the Danube, constantly harassing Franks and Slavs in the east. The most serious was the Norman invasion of Europe. They are from Scandinavia. In the 9th century AD, Nuo (1) Biography of Charlemagne, page 34, Commercial Press, 1979.
The Germans invaded the western part of Frank in large numbers, captured Nantes, France in 853, killed the bishop guarding the city and plundered it. In 885, 40,000 normans besieged Paris in 700 ships. The Emperor Fat Charlie (884 ~ 887) paid a large sum of money to bribe the Normans to leave. In 9 1 1 year, the French king had to cede the coastal land in northwest France to the Normans, which was the origin of the name Normandy.
Feudal civil strife and foreign invasion accelerated the serfdom of free peasants. In 847, Charles, the bald king of the West Franks, clearly stipulated in the molson Act: "Any free man must choose a master, a king or a vassal of the king." In 877, the bald Charlie issued the edict of Chersi, legalizing the inheritance of general land. The royal decree stipulates: "A Lord can transfer his privileges and honors (titles) to his son or relatives." The serfdom of free peasants, the rise of feudal privileges and the establishment of hereditary territorial system all marked the completion of the feudalization of the Frankish Kingdom. But this development process is not a peaceful evolution process, but is carried out in the cruel struggle of slavery and anti-slavery. In an imperial edict in 805, Charlemagne once banned all forms of secret associations, and pointed out that both freemen and serfs (serfs) would join such organizations, and the mastermind of secret associations would be sentenced to death, while those who were coerced would be subjected to various kinds of torture: flogging, nose cutting, amputation, etc. Thus, the uprising posed a great threat to the rulers. In 822, the loyal Louis issued a decree prohibiting the "Cerf conspiracy" in the coastal areas of Flanders. The biggest uprising here was the "Stringega" (meaning "son of ancient law") uprising in Saxony from 84/Kloc-0 to 842. Tarde, a chronicler, once pointed out that the uprising was divided into three classes: aristocrats, freemen and semi-freemen, among which the second and third classes accounted for the vast majority and were the main force of the uprising. Due to the constant resistance of farmers, the ruling class was forced to fix the obligations of serfs. From the 8th century to the 9th century, during the Carolingian dynasty, serfs were obliged to pay taxes and services as usual, and registered in a special cadastre. The feudal system in western Europe was generally established in France from the 9th century to 1 1 century, with France being the most typical. According to the property list of Saint-Germain Monastery in Paris in the early 9th century, typical feudal real estate has been generally established in France. Saint-Germain Monastery owns 36,500 hectares of land, about half of which is owned by lords and half by serfs. In addition to service rent, various service rents are also collected in kind. Only hens, this monastery receives 5887 eggs every year and gets 30865 eggs. Due to the completion of feudalism, slaves, immigrant farmers and bankrupt free farmers have merged into a broad dependent peasant class. Most of the serfs known as CERF were descendants of slaves. They are not only tied to the land, but also attached to the Lord in personality and law and can be sold with the land. A serf can't get married without his master's permission. Serfs who are allowed to get married must pay "marriage tax". Inheritance also requires taxes, which is the so-called "donation from the dead". There are also some dependent farmers in France called "little people", most of whom evolved from bankrupt farmers in communes. They're better off in Bisell. The villain's personality is free Under normal circumstances, he can inherit the land, and the labor he undertakes has certain standards. In the south of France, there are no more than 80 days in a year.
With the development of feudal economy, agricultural technology has also improved. At this time, the three-seedling system has been widely popular, paying attention to intensive cultivation, mowing and fertilizing, and several heavy plows pulled by cows are also widely used. The area of cultivated land has expanded, and the grain harvest has reached four to six times that of sowing. These changes are conducive to the strengthening of the power of the lords, who dominate the party and dominate the political power. At that time, France was divided into many principalities and count countries from east to west and from south to north. Such as Normandy, Burgundy, aquitaine; Flanders, Champagne, Anjou, Toulouse, Barcelona. After the abolition of King Charles of Caroline Dynasty in 887, two dynasties (Caroline Dynasty and Robert Dynasty) competed for the throne. The founder of Robert Dynasty was Robert, a strong man, who was named Duke of ile-de-france for his meritorious service in resisting Norman invasion. His son Ed, Earl of Paris, repelled the Norman siege of Paris, so after the French fat Charlie Wang was abolished, he was crowned king by some feudal lords. However, some lords still insisted on the hereditary throne of Caroline dynasty and elected simple-minded Charles as king of France. The two dynasties fought against each other for nearly a century. Later, the power of the Robert dynasty became stronger, while the territory of the Caroline dynasty was only Cheng Lang and its vicinity. In 987, Hugh Gap, born in the Robert dynasty, was elected king at the church and secular lords' meeting. He owns five earl territories, scattered in the narrow strip between the Seine River and the Royal River, with a total area of no more than 6,865,438+06 square kilometers, only two cities, Paris and Orleans. In the early days of Gaby Dynasty, the imperial power was very weak. Nominally, the king is the supreme patriarch, and everyone should submit to his own vassal and admit that his official position and territory are granted by the king. When the king ascended the throne, the bishop anointed him with holy oil and became the king of divine power. But in fact, almost all lords are independent. They have the right to declare war and make peace in their own territory, to coin their own currency, to make laws and to judge their subjects. In their view, the king is only the first person of his generation. Lord Montreux's fortress cut off the king's passage from Paris to Orleans, so the king had to protect himself with armed attendants in order to walk from one end of the territory to the other. The early king of Gaby dynasty was almost like an ordinary Lord. They don't have a fixed place to live, and often move from one manor to another with their entourage, consuming food and other items that have been searched from farmers. Sometimes they even rob roads to increase their income. For example, Philip I (1060 ~ 1 108) robbed Italian businessmen in transit. However, in foreign relations, the Gaby dynasty tried its best to show its dignity and exchanged envoys with the monarchs of Britain, Germany and Byzantium. King Henry I (103 1 ~ 1060) married Anna, the daughter of yaroslav, the grand duke of Kiev, in order to enhance international prestige. 1 1 At the end of the year, due to the rise of cities and the support of the civil class, France gradually unified by constantly defeating the feudal separatist forces.
The intensification of class struggle also prompted some feudal lords to attach themselves to the royal power. /kloc-at the end of 0/0, when the young charles ii succeeded to the throne and became the Duke of Normandy, all the farmers in the earl's jurisdiction held a secret meeting, and they decided to make new laws on the use of forests and water resources regardless of various prohibitions. In 997, representatives who participated in the uprising gathered in the field. When the Duke heard the news, he immediately sent Lieutenant Earl Raoul to lead the knights in the brigade to suppress them. Under the guise of letting farmers' representatives complain, he deceived them and cut off their brothers and sisters, and the uprising was brutally suppressed. 1024, peasant uprising broke out again in Brittany. Describing the peasant uprising, a chronicler said, "They have neither leaders nor weapons.". They revolted spontaneously out of hatred for the Lord. French feudal activists suppressed the uprising with a large number of knights.
Farmers' resistance, to a certain extent, hit the greed of lords and forced feudal land rent to be paid according to the "convention", which was one of the achievements of farmers' struggle, thus slightly improving the situation of farmers, ensuring their enthusiasm for production to a certain extent and creating conditions for the development of feudal social productive forces.
Germany, Italy and the Papal States From the 9th century to 1 1 century, there are complex relations between Germany, Italy and the Papal States. Germany invaded Italy and established the Holy Roman Empire, which not only brought bad consequences to Italy's reunification, but also deepened Germany's political division. The papal state is a country within Italy, which hinders the unification of Italy and the strength of Germany. The struggle for the authority of the chief professor weakened the emperor's control over the church lords and reduced the economic income of the empire, and the voice of religious power over imperial power became louder and louder. By the time of Innocent III (1198 ~1216), religious power reached its peak.
After treaty of verdun in 843, the Eastern Frankish Kingdom gradually developed into later Germany. During the 9th century to 1 1 century, Germany was also divided.