The closing movement is an extremely important historical event in modern Japanese history. Before the Meiji Restoration, in Japan, the reformist centers with the middle and lower samurai as the main body were in the economically developed four clans of Samo, Changzhou, Tosa and Feiqian in the southwest. They gradually realized the crisis of their backward ethnic groups and put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries", the essence of which was to overthrow the Tokugawa era. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, following the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America, Japan in Asia also witnessed a comprehensive innovation movement in the fields of politics, economy, ideology and culture. This bourgeois innovation movement, which aimed at promoting the New Deal of capitalism, began in the Meiji period, so it was called "Meiji Restoration". Japan was once a closed-door and backward feudal country. This country is called "the kingdom of God", which is also called "the country protected by the gods". The emperor is the embodiment of God, and he has supreme power over his subjects. The idea of "loyalty to the monarch" and "loyalty to the monarch" has always been the highest moral standard in Japanese feudal society. By 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu had eliminated the separatist forces in various places, won the title of "foreign general", established a shogunate in Edo, and established the Tokugawa family to unify the whole country. In the Tokugawa shogunate era, the nominal head of Japan was the emperor, but the real power fell to the Tokugawa family. At that time, the shogunate held the highest land ownership in the country, accounting for about a quarter of the total cultivated land area in the country, and was the largest feudal Lord. But also holds the commercial cities and mines all over the country, monopolizes foreign trade and controls the economic lifeline of the country. Politically, the Tokugawa shogunate is nominally a "general", but actually calls itself a "king", representing the country externally, presiding over the government internally and monopolizing power. The most typical thing is that the shogunate is not located in the capital, but works in Edo, dealing with state affairs, often acting on its own, and ignoring the emperor at all. In order to strengthen its rule, the Tokugawa shogunate plundered the land at will and distributed it to 270 feudal lords called "Daming". National celebrities must swear allegiance to the general, abide by behind-the-scenes regulations and obey orders. Daming's territory and ruling institutions are called "princes", which means the barrier of the shogunate. More than 200 princes are divided into pro-princes, internal princes and foreign princes according to the relationship between relatives and friends. The generals rely on the close governors and the internal governors to guard against the name of the distant governors. Daming divided his territory into smaller units and gave them to his retainers, who belonged to the general and Daming and were called warriors. These soldiers are generally professional soldiers, who have the privilege of wearing swords and can kill civilians unscrupulously. They are the main tools for shogunate generals to rule the people. In addition, shogunate generals were placed under the samurai in the order of "scholars, peasants, workers and businessmen" and were strictly restricted by the hierarchical identity system. In addition, there are more than 300,000 untouchables who are called "inhuman" and "disgraceful". They are excluded from the intellectuals, farmers and businessmen and lead a miserable life. In order to further consolidate its rule, on the one hand, the shogunate desperately advocated pedantic Confucianism, especially classified Zhu's remarks as Chinese studies, imprisoned people's thoughts and suppressed people's resistance; On the other hand, it pursues the "lock-up policy" and does not establish any relations with other countries, thus tightly closing the whole of Japan. Tokugawa shogunate thought that this would lead to long-term stability. But he never imagined that in the late period of 18, with the development of commodity economy, emerging landlords and commercial capitalists appeared. In order to gain political status and get rid of feudal rule, they were strongly dissatisfied with the shogunate system. However, the broad masses of the people can't bear the hardships of life, and their resistance is also rising day by day. Numerous peasant uprisings and civil riots broke out one after another. These resistance struggles have seriously shaken the rule of the shogunate.