Patriotism is a fine tradition of the Chinese nation, and it is the thought, behavior and emotion of loving and being loyal to the motherland formed in the long-term historical development process, which is manifested in the deep attachment to one's homeland and people, the sense of responsibility to contribute to the independence, freedom and prosperity of the motherland and the dedication to sacrifice everything for the national destiny. This is a precious spiritual wealth tempered by history, which in turn has an important impact on the historical development of the Chinese nation.

Patriotism is a historical category. Although the contents of patriotism are different in different times, they are in the same strain and are constantly enriched and developed. In ancient times, patriotism mainly focused on opposing foreign oppression and aggression, being loyal to the monarch and relieving the suffering of the nation. In modern times, the contradiction between the Chinese nation and foreign capitalism has become the main contradiction in society, and patriotism has been given a new content of the times, that is, opposing foreign aggression, saving the nation from peril, striving for national independence and social progress, which has sublimated patriotism to a higher level.

A modern history of China, on the one hand, records the process of China falling into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society by the combination of imperialism and feudal forces, and records the bitterness, tears and disasters of the people of China; On the other hand, it records the indomitable struggle of the people of China to save the nation and survive, and their spirit of seeking truth and self-improvement for saving the country and the people. Patriotism is a powerful spiritual pillar of the Chinese nation, which has experienced hardships, repeated wars and defeats in the past hundred years and rose in meditation. If saving the nation for survival is compared to the main theme of China's modern history, then suffering, struggle and pursuit are the symphonies of this main theme, which played a tragic modern patriotic movement.

The modern history of China is a rare vivid textbook for patriotism education. In the study of China's modern history, taking the history of hardship, the history of anti-Japanese war and the history of exploration as the three main lines, we can not only grasp the basic context of China's modern history, but also understand the national conditions, fully display the spirit of modern patriotism and highlight the patriotic theme.

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The deep patriotism in modern times comes from the indignation aroused by national humiliation. The history of suffering is mainly manifested in the brutal military aggression, political slavery and economic plunder of the people of China by the western capitalist powers. Military conquest and unequal treaties. Since modern times, the capitalist powers have launched five large-scale armed invasions on China, namely, the two Opium Wars, the Sino-French War, the Sino-Japanese War and the Eight-Nation Alliance invasion. The Qing government suffered a crushing defeat in previous wars, and the powers forced the Qing government to pay war reparations totaling 65.438+26 billion taels of silver. Through the war, the Qing government was subdued and a series of unequal treaties were signed, which legalized and made the aggressive rights and interests of foreign powers in China permanent. According to statistics, the modern powers forced the Qing government to sign more than 700 unequal treaties. As a result, China's sovereignty over territory, customs, justice and territorial waters has been seriously lost. The unequal treaties are like a pair of shackles, which are worn on the heads of the people of China.

Political slavery and loss of sovereignty. The political enslavement of China people by capitalist powers is multifaceted. They seized China's territory, established concessions, divided spheres of influence and interfered in China's internal affairs and diplomacy. Since modern times, the great powers have occupied more than10.5 million square kilometers of territory in China and opened 34 concessions in 15 cities. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, in the frenzy of the great powers to carve up China, China's important military ports and excellent ports were forcibly leased, and most provinces were designated as the sphere of influence of the great powers. In addition, the capitalist powers also manipulated China's internal affairs and diplomacy through consular jurisdiction, customs administration and foreign negotiations, which was even more extreme.

Economic plunder and weak countries and the poor. The ultimate goal and motive of the capitalist powers' military conquest and political enslavement of China is to plunder the people of China to the maximum extent. /kloc-in the 9th century, the great powers plundered the economy through the unequal exchange of commodity export and colonial trade, and used a series of economic privileges, such as agreed tariff rights, customs management rights, one-sided MFN treatment, tariff exemption, China coastal and inland navigation rights, to sell goods at high prices, plunder raw materials at low prices, and plunder 50-60 billion taels of China silver. At the same time, commodity export is accompanied by despicable activities of smuggling drugs and plundering Chinese workers. From 1800 to 1927, China's wealth of 28.4 billion silver dollars was plundered from opium trafficking. In the same period, more than 6,543,800,000 people in China were trafficked by "pig trade" and contract workers in China. From the end of 19, the great powers vigorously opened banks, built railways, opened mines, invested and set up factories in China, and plundered China with capital output. By 1900, there were 933 foreign-invested factories and 90 newly established foreign-funded enterprises 190 1 to 19 1 1. By 19 1 1 year, the China railway directly and indirectly controlled by foreign countries was 9,000 kilometers, accounting for 93. 1% of the railway mileage in China. There are 34 mines, and the main mines in more than a dozen provinces and autonomous regions are occupied. By 19 13, foreign banks had set up 2 1 home in China, with branches10/0/home, which controlled and monopolized China's financial industry. Compared with capital export and commodity export, the great powers made more direct use of China's cheap raw materials and cheap labor, and made huge profits. Lenin analyzed that the exploitation degree of capital export is "peeling two skins from a cow".

Over the past century, the great powers have plundered silver from China by violent, non-violent, illegal and "legal" means, totaling 654.38+000 billion taels. Under the catastrophe of capitalist powers, independent and territorial integrity of China lost its sovereignty and the mountains and rivers were broken; China has a vast territory and rich resources, leaving behind a weak country and poor people, backward economy and poor people. This is a bloody picture of China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

The modern history of China is a painful history that makes people cry. Teaching the shocking history of aggression, oppression and humiliation suffered by China people in modern times can help students understand the basic national conditions of modern China, realize that imperialist invasion is the root of poverty and backwardness in modern China, remember the painful lessons of national humiliation and humiliation in the past century, and inspire patriotic enthusiasm and revolutionary spirit.

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The modern history of China is another history of anti-Japanese war. The sound of the Opium War awakened the Chinese nation's national consciousness of seeking survival and development in a world full of great powers, greatly aroused the patriotic enthusiasm of the Chinese nation, and called on people to stand up and fight for national salvation. In the line of national struggle, there is resistance from the landlord class, the peasant class and the national bourgeoisie.

The resistance of the landlord class. The prelude of modern anti-aggression was opened by the resistance in the landlord class. During the Opium War, imperial envoy Lin Zexu was determined to ban smoking and resist the enemy. Guan Tianpei, the naval prefect, has fought many battles and has no hesitation; Yu Qian, governor of the two rivers, fought bloody battles to serve the country with his death. There are also Chen Liansheng and his son, the deputy viceroy of Shajiao Castle, Ge, the governor of Dinghai, Chen Huacheng, the deputy viceroy of Zhenjiang, and Hailing. They all fought bravely against the enemy, were fearless in face of danger and sacrificed heroically. Loyal opponents and patriotic fighters met everywhere the British invaders practiced. In a report to the British government, an aggressor said that China's officers and men "fought for every inch of land, so every corner and every hole was captured by short soldiers". Lin Zexu said: "If a country is selfish, it will live or die. Do you avoid it in every cloud has a silver lining? "

"Ambition" and "fighting bloody battles to recover" can express the fighting spirit of the landlord class against the party's sincerity and anti-aggression against the motherland. After the opium war, the second opium war was the second opium war. Left in the Border Crisis: Feng Zicai, Liu Yongfu and Liu Mingchuan in the Sino-French War; Liu, Deng Shichang and Ding in the Sino-Japanese War, all patriotic generals of the landlord class. It was they who led patriotic soldiers to fight against the enemy, prevented the capitalist powers from invading China, and became the main force to stop China's colonization.

The struggle of the peasant class. In modern China, the peasant class was oppressed by foreign capitalism and domestic feudal forces, and there was great resistance between them. 184 1 sanyuanli people's struggle against Britain was the first spontaneous struggle of modern farmers against foreign aggression, which showed the strong determination and heroism of the peasant class to resist aggression and defend national independence. With the deepening of foreign capitalist aggression, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions have intensified unprecedentedly, and the peasant class has shouldered the heavy responsibility of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolution. The magnificent Taiping revolution reached the peak of the old peasant struggle, which dealt a heavy blow to the reactionary forces at home and abroad. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, in order to save the Chinese nation from the crisis of national subjugation and extinction, the peasant class held high the banner of "suppressing foreign nationalities" and launched a vigorous anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion. In the face of vicious imperialism, the Boxer Rebellion showed a high degree of patriotic enthusiasm and dedication, which made the invaders see that China's "people's spirit is strong" and "so the so-called division and rule is untenable". Due to the tenacious struggle of the Boxer Rebellion, the imperialist division of China was prevented. Although the peasant class cannot complete the task of democratic revolution due to historical limitations, it is the main force in the struggle against foreign capitalism and feudal forces.

The struggle of the national bourgeoisie. At the critical moment of national peril, the national bourgeoisie, which is still in the process of formation, has been pushed to the front of history. They clamored for national salvation, and began to reform the Qing government, trying to resist foreign aggression and set off a reform movement. The blood of the six gentlemen in the Reform Movement of 1898 made the bourgeoisie give up the illusion of reformism. The bourgeois democrats headed by Sun Yat-sen started the real democratic revolution, wiped out the feudal regime by armed struggle, established the bourgeois democratic republic, developed the modern economy, resisted the political and economic aggression of foreign capitalism against China, and fought against the great powers. 19 1 1 year, a bourgeois-democratic revolution-Xinhai revolution was carried out.

In modern history, the landlord class rebelled, and the peasant class and the bourgeoisie formed a patriotic army of the whole nation to save the country and survive. This army fought bravely and tenaciously against the capitalist powers again and again. Although most of these struggles failed, the blood of the people did not flow in vain, and repeated struggles enabled the Chinese nation to survive crisis after crisis. For a century, the heroic struggle of the Chinese nation made it impossible for imperialism to destroy China. If modern patriotism is embodied in "saving the nation to survive", then contemporary patriotism is embodied in "rejuvenating China" and contributes to "rejuvenating China".

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The modern history of China is still a history of exploration. Under the theme of patriotism and saving the country, the struggle of the whole people to save the country and the exploration of the road of saving the country and the people by people with lofty ideals coexist.

The failure of the Opium War was the crazy love conquest of backward nations by capitalist powers and the fierce conflict between two societies and two cultures. People were shocked and saw two facts clearly: one was the extreme corruption of the Qing government and the backwardness of weapons, and the other was the strength of British ships. At this time, the resistance of the landlord class became a reformist, advocating the abolition of bad politics and enhancing the country's ability to resist aggression. Lin Zexu's "Four Kingdoms", Wei Yuan's "The Chart" and Yao Ying's "A Journey to Kang" show that they want to know China and the world again. Among them, Wei Yuan's thought of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" is a bold exploration of the road for powerful countries to resist aggression.

The fiasco of the two Opium Wars and the impact of the peasant uprising split the Westernization School among the landlord class. In order to resist foreign aggression and maintain the order of feudal rule, he advocated and presided over the Westernization Movement centered on learning western military skills and aimed at maintaining feudal rule, and put Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan's idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners" into practice. Westernization Movement became the beginning of China's industrial modernization. However, the feudalism of the Westernization School itself stifled the vitality of the Westernization Movement, which did not really achieve its goal of demanding wealth for more than 30 years.

The peasant class has also explored its own liberation, but it can't break through the shackles of feudal thought. The idea of average equality of Tianmu system in China is not feasible in practice, and it can only be a tragedy in the exploration of the road to saving the country and the people. It is worth noting that Hong Ren Gā n @ ②, a platform in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, put forward a plan to develop capitalism, and was the first advanced figure in modern China who proposed seeking truth from the West in terms of political system.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, under the strong stimulation of the deep national crisis, the bourgeoisie put forward that "serving the country, only reform, only reform, only learning from foreign countries", spreading western political science and natural science, and set off the first trend of ideological emancipation in modern history. The bourgeois reformists, represented by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, bravely broke through the shackles of feudal thought and put forward a social reform plan to implement the capitalist constitutional monarchy. After this reform plan was broken, the bourgeois Democrats headed by Sun Yat-sen reflected on the road of saving the country and the people, and put forward the Three People's Principles of nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood and the social reform plan of establishing a bourgeois republic, which was the highest achievement of China people's pursuit of truth from the west in modern times. Under the banner of the Three People's Principles, the national bourgeoisie undertook the task of bourgeois democratic revolution unprecedentedly, carried out the Revolution of 1911, finally overthrew the monarchy and established the bourgeois democratic republic.

However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were quickly usurped by Yuan Shikai, and the plan of the bourgeois republic did not work. 19 17. The victory of the October Revolution brought Marxism–Leninism to China, which made the hesitant radical bourgeois intellectuals begin to accept Marxist theory and completed the transformation to the proletarian world outlook. Under their advocacy, China was founded. Since then, under the guidance of Marxism–Leninism, China led the people of China through 28 years of hard struggle, which made the Chinese nation walk out of the darkness of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society and onto the bright road of social justice. Facts have proved that only socialism can save China and develop China.

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In the teaching of modern history in China, it is of special significance to highlight the theme of modern patriotism and carry out patriotic education.

Patriotism education runs through the modern history of China and is irreplaceable. The modern history of China is an eventful year for the historical development of China. Facing the disaster-stricken China, on the one hand, in order to save the nation from peril, the Chinese nation waged a desperate struggle to win national independence; On the other hand, advanced China people made bold, brave and profound explorations to save the country and the people, so as to strive for social democracy and progress. The patriotic enthusiasm of the Chinese nation, which rose in the sinking theory, has never been higher, its patriotic strength has been fully reflected and its patriotic spirit has been fully carried forward. Patriotism is a powerful spiritual pillar for the Chinese nation to survive through hardships. Therefore, modern patriotism is the precious essence of the Chinese nation.

The modern history of China is indeed an irreplaceable textbook for patriotism education.

Patriotism education throughout China's modern history is typical. In modern history, people of different classes have carried out a series of important practical activities of patriotism and national salvation, such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution, the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898, the Revolution of 1911, etc., and a large number of touching and inspiring heroes and heroic achievements have emerged. Patriotic soldiers who fought bloody battles and were brave in dedication; There are national heroes who "break through the customs" for the purpose of recovering Xinjiang and returning to China; There are thinkers who tirelessly explore the strategy of saving the country; There are tireless propagandists running around; There are reformers who regard death as death and wyndell dichinson execution ground; There are revolutionaries who go through fire and water, mighty and unyielding; Diplomats who fight with reason and wisdom; There are also industrialists who are not afraid of difficulties and risks and develop national industries. They are the backbone of the Chinese nation and have a far-reaching influence on the modern history of China. Patriotic events and heroic deeds are vivid, touching, concrete and typical, which can greatly stimulate people's contemporary patriotic feelings.

Patriotism education runs through the modern history of China and is universal. Yesterday's history is the course of the Chinese nation. It is neither an unfathomable and unattainable philosophy, nor an empty and tasteless sermon, but the footprints actually traveled by our ancestors, deeply imprinted on the land of China. No matter what class, education level, nationality, religious belief and party members, they can accept yesterday's history and have a strong psychological resonance. Therefore, patriotism education based on China's modern history is universal and can enhance the cohesion of the whole nation.

It is also realistic to carry out patriotic education through the modern history of China. The development of China's modern history eloquently proves that only socialism can save China, and taking the socialist road is the inevitable choice of China's modern history. Inheriting and carrying forward the tradition of modern patriotism means loving socialism in the final analysis, because socialism and patriotism are essentially the same, and building socialism with China characteristics is the theme of contemporary patriotism. The so-called China characteristics mean respecting China's historical choice and China's national conditions. Contemporary patriotism is the inheritance, enrichment and development of modern patriotism. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to carry out modern patriotism education in China for holding high the banner of contemporary patriotism.