Information:
Macao was occupied by Portugal.
Macau has been the territory of China since ancient times.
Macao and its neighboring areas, in the 3rd century BC, have been formally included in Chinese territory and become a part of Panyu in Nanhai County since the first unification of China by the Qin Dynasty. Since then, from the Jin Dynasty, it belongs to Dongguan County; Sui dynasty belonged to Nanhai county; During the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Dongguan County; In the Northern Song Dynasty, people in the Central Plains paid more attention to it. By the Southern Song Dynasty, the residents of North China moved southward one after another, which promoted the further development of the economy. 1 152 in the southern song dynasty, the government demolished dongguan county, cut the coasts of Nanhai, Panyu and Xinhui counties and established Xiangshan county. Macao was later placed under the jurisdiction of Xiangshan County, which belonged to Yanfuli Palace in Xiangshan County, and later to Gongchangdu in Chang 'an Township. It is recorded in Jiajing's Xiangshan County Records in the Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, this area became one of the last maritime battlefields in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Cross Gate Ancient Sea Road, composed of Macao, Luhuan and Hengqin, once became the ancient battlefield where the military and civilians fought the Yuan Army in the Southern Song Dynasty. 1at the beginning of 278, Song Duanzong, who was only ten years old, was attacked in a rare hurricane and almost drowned in this ancient battlefield. In order to protect the dying dynasty, Song Bing once camped in the "Niang Mao" and other places on the Macao Peninsula, and wrote down the history of the national mourning of the Han nationality.
/kloc-within 0/000 years, although there were people in Macao, it was only a place where boats moored with the monsoon. It is speculated that China people settled in Macau Peninsula when the Southern Song Dynasty was overthrown. When hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians arrived in Macao by boat in the Southern Song Dynasty, some may set foot on this peninsula to draw fresh water and look for food, and some may even turn this desolate place into a hiding place. Today, the Shalitou land temple named "Yongfu Ancient Society" on the Macao Peninsula is said to have been built in the late Southern Song Dynasty. From the end of the Southern Song Dynasty to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, residents in Wang Xia, Haojiang and other places on the Macao Peninsula have settled down. According to "Inscription on Rebuilding Fusaiji in Wang Xia Village, Macau" written by Zhao Yunjing, a juren from Wang Xia Village in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, "My family was originally from Fujian, and now I live in Xiangshan, Guangdong Province as an official and live in Macau for the rest of my life", and the descendants of my ancestor Zhao Yanfang decided to settle in Macau in the early Ming Dynasty. Zhao Yanfang's ancestral home is Pujiang County, Jinhua, Zhejiang. In the 19th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1386), he became the magistrate of Xiangshan County. A few years later, he died as an official. Later, some of his descendants moved to Wang Xia Village one after another, lived in Australia, became indigenous people, and formed the prestigious Wang Xia Village. Most residents come from Putian City, Fujian Province. At the same time, in the Nanwan area in the south of Macao Peninsula, which is today's ash-burning stoves, more and more fishermen settled down and became one of the earliest residents in Macao, building thatched huts and gradually forming sparse fishing villages. During Chenghua period of Ming Dynasty, residents living in Putian, Quanzhou, Chaoshan, Guangdong and other places in Australia raised funds to build a mage temple.
Mage Temple was first built in Niangmageli, formerly known as Haijue Temple. The mage temple has a history of more than 500 years. Portuguese merchant ships first came to Australia, docked at the Mage Temple and asked the residents about the place names. It is said that the name "Macao" came from this, which is actually the voice of a mother in Fujian dialect. Before the Portuguese came to Australia, there was already a mage temple here, and there were already Chinese living in Australia.
Portugal occupied Macao in the Ming Dynasty.
Sino-foreign relations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties have changed greatly compared with the past. It has been two centuries since the Ming Dynasty that Japanese pirates invaded the coastal areas. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Russia began to occupy the territory of China, and later provoked the war between the two countries in jaxa. This is unprecedented in the history of Sino-foreign relations. 1498, after da gama discovered the new route to the east, Portuguese colonists first came to China, followed by Spanish and Dutch, then British, French and American. They brutally plundered China by means of commerce, gunboats and missionary work, which put China through a severe test on diplomatic issues.
15 1 1 year Portuguese conquered Malaga, 15 13 year merchant ships came to China. 15 16 and 15 17 years, merchant ships were sent to Guangdong to sell pepper and other goods, and illegally occupied Tuen Mun Island, a county in Dongguan, Guangdong. Since then, Maskronhas has been sent to lead a fleet to illegally explore the coastal topography of Zhangzhou, Fujian. 152 1 year, the Portuguese refused to leave Tuen Mun and expelled them by force. 1523, 1547 and 1549, the Portuguese invaded Cao Xi Bay in Xinhui, Guangdong, Zhangzhou and Zhao 'an in Fujian, and were all repelled by the Ming army. But since 1535, Macao has been inhabited by Portuguese. 1553, they occupied part of Macao's land in the name of lease by bribing local officials. 1557, they privately expanded their land, built forts and set up official offices in Macao, as if they regarded Macao as their own colony. This is the first piece of land illegally occupied by the Quartet colonialists in China for a long time. However, China still has a government office in Macau and enjoys sovereignty.
On Sino-Portuguese Reconciliation Trade Treaty
The British and French powers invaded China's rights and interests one after another, which further stimulated the aggressive ambition of a small western country like Portugal against China. As early as the thirty-second year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1553), Portugal occupied Macao. After the Opium War, seeing that the Qing government's national defense force was weak, it wanted to formally annex this territory of China. 1880 to 1883 When Sino-Russian and Sino-French relations were tense, the Portuguese authorities tried several times to force the Qing government to formally recognize Macao as a Portuguese, but all failed. After the Sino-French War, Portugal's aggressive intention became more and more obvious.
1885, 18 In July, the ninth clause of the Sino-British Extension of Yantai Treaty signed in London stipulated that China and Britain should "send personnel to check the water leakage between Hong Kong and China" as soon as possible. 1886, the Qing government sent Shao Youlian, a customs officer from Jianghai, and Hurd, the General Administration of Taxation, to discuss with the British authorities in Hong Kong the measures to collect the trade tax between Guangdong and Hong Kong and prevent smuggling. However, the British Hong Kong authorities said that such measures must be equally accepted by Macao. "If Macao refuses to comply, Hong Kong will not agree.". This prerequisite is tantamount to forcing the Qing government to negotiate with Portugal, which provides an opportunity for the latter to blackmail directly.
It turns out that after the British occupation of Hong Kong, the Qing government levied import and export taxes on ships and goods entering and leaving the Mainland from Hong Kong according to the customs tariff of China. Macau is a place where the Portuguese rent China, so the goods coming and going to Macau are taxed according to the provisions of domestic trade. In this way, the tax rate in Hong Kong is much higher than that in Macao, and it is at a disadvantage in the competition. Britain is extremely reluctant to this and always wants to change this unfavorable situation. This time, when I learned that Hurd went to Hong Kong to negotiate an opium trade agreement, I pinned my hopes on Hurd to realize this conspiracy. Hurd made a trip to Hong Kong and personally went to Macao to persuade Portugal to put forward a request to the Qing government to permanently station and manage Macao and cede Gongbei and Maliuzhou Islands.
1in June, 886, Hurd and Rosami, the governors of Macao and Portugal, drew up a draft and sent it to the Qing government for reference. The Qing government authorized Hurd to send James Duncan Campbell, the tax section of China Customs London Office, to Lisbon for negotiations, but made it clear that China would never cede Macao and Gongbei, and only allowed the Portuguese to govern Macao under the conditions of renting taxes and renting silver every year. 1March 26th, 887 (Guangxu1April 9th13rd), Hurd signed the Draft Sino-Portuguese Convention on behalf of James Duncan Campbell, also known as the Lisbon Protocol. Accordingly, Portugal agreed to cooperate with China to investigate the smuggling situation in Macao according to Hong Kong's method, while James Duncan Campbell admitted on behalf of the Qing government that "Portugal will stay and manage Macao and its land".
When signing the draft convention of the China-Portugal Conference, the governments of James Duncan Campbell and Portugal promised to come to China to sign the contract. On February/0/65438 of the same year, Yi Kuang, the Prime Minister's yamen minister, and Rosa, the plenipotentiary of Portugal, formally signed the Treaty of Peace, Consultation and Trade in Beijing, and exchanged the instruments of ratification on the same day. Article 54 of the Treaty * * *, the main contents of which are as follows: 1. China still allows Portugal to permanently reside and manage Macao and the land belonging to Macao; 2. Portugal may send envoys to Beijing and set up consuls at trading ports; Third, Portugal obtained consular jurisdiction; 4. Portuguese people can enjoy the trade privileges that China has granted or will give to other countries, and have the right to live in trading ports, rent and buy land, build houses, set up barns, churches, hospitals and so on. Through this agreement, Portugal affirmed its position in Macau, and at the same time gained the same privileged position in China as other western countries. In this way, the Qing rulers betrayed Macao in the treaty in order to collect opium tax. In fact, the smuggling of opium from Macao to the mainland has not been eliminated, but the colonial rule in Portugal has become even darker. However, due to the resolute opposition of the Portuguese people, 1928, the then China government officially declared that the Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Reconciliation and Trade signed in 1887+02+ 1 was invalid. Therefore, Portugal's occupation of Macao has long lost its treaty basis. Therefore, it is natural for China to recover all the sovereignty of Macao at an appropriate time.