Origin and distribution
Native to India to Southeast Asia. India has a planting history of more than 4000 years. According to legend, it was introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty (before the 8th century). /kloc-was introduced to Africa and Latin America in the 6th century, and it was cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries and regions within 30 n ~ 30 s. 1988, the world output was 1496 1 10,000 tons, mainly produced by India, Pakistan, Mexico, Brazil, China and the Philippines, among which India was the most cultivated, accounting for. The main exporting countries are the Philippines, Thailand, Mexico and India.
There are records about mango in China's Tang Dynasty Xuanzang's Records of the Western Regions of Datang and Chen Zangqi's Compendium of Materia Medica (739). /kloc-When the Dutch invaded Taiwan Province Province in the 6th century, it was introduced to Taiwan Province Province and then to Fujian. There are many wild mangoes in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Baise, Guangxi and Dongxing mountainous areas, with a wide variety, which are different from ordinary varieties in maturity, fruit shape and flavor. Some people think that South China in China is also one of the countries of origin. It is cultivated in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guangxi and Fujian provinces (autonomous regions).
Features and characteristics
10 ~ 20m high. The taproot is thick and deep, and the lateral root is long and sparse. The branches and leaves smell of mango. The trunk is obvious and the branches are thick. The bark is thick and rough. Simple leaves alternate, lanceolate,10 ~ 20cm long, 3 ~ 6cm wide, entire, leathery and thick midvein; The basal leaves are sparse and the top leaves are dense, which are pseudo-wheel-shaped. Terminal or axillary panicles, small yellow flowers, dense, 500 ~ 2000 flowers per inflorescence. Miscellaneous flowers: calyx petals 4 ~ 5 cleft; Stamen development 1, pollen spherical; The ovary is superior and the stigma is dichotomous. Fleshy drupe, generally weighing 150 ~ 500g, oval, ellipsoid or ivory, slightly flat, 5 ~ 15cm long, large and flat, woody, covered with fibers (see figure). Flowering: 65438+ 10 to April. Fruit ripens from May to September.
Mango requires high temperature, obvious dry and wet seasons and sufficient sunshine. The optimum temperature is 28 ~ 32℃, and it grows slowly below 65438 08℃. Cold damage will occur below 5℃, and fruits and leaves will be sunburned when dried above 37℃. Plant growth and fruit development need enough water. Drought is beneficial to flower bud differentiation. Sunny flowering is beneficial to pollination and fruit setting, but it is difficult to pollinate in rainy or foggy days, and there are few fruit sets. Adequate sunshine during fruit development can improve fruit quality and storability. The areas where the annual average temperature is ≥22℃, the most Leng Yue average temperature is ≥ 15℃, the absolute minimum temperature is ≥5℃, and the annual precipitation is 1000 ~ 2000 mm, and there is no rain and fog in flowering period are most suitable for commercial cultivation. Low temperature and rainy areas in winter and spring are not suitable for economic planting. The loam with strong adaptability to soil, deep and fertile soil layer, good drainage and pH value of 5.5 ~ 7.5 is the most suitable.
principal item
There are about 4 1 species of mango and 15 species of edible fruit, among which mango has the best quality. The main varieties planted in the world are more than 100, and many excellent varieties are also planted in India, the United States, Mexico and other countries. Most cultivated varieties in India and America are single embryos, mostly Indian varieties and their descendants, with red skin, dark yellow or orange yellow, hard pulp, little or medium fiber, greasy or sticky, some with scattered fragrance and round and full seeds. Because of its bright and beautiful skin, it is very popular in European and American markets, so it is also widely distributed. Excellent varieties are Alfonso, Dashehari, Nilum, Harden, Kent and Myanmar. Multi-embryo varieties include cultivated varieties from the Philippines, zhina Peninsula, India, Sri Lanka and China. The peel is mostly yellow. Except for China varieties, the meat is greasy and slippery, with less fiber, thin seeds and high edible rate, such as Karabao, Okron, Nice in Aroma, Golok and so on. The varieties suitable for processing juice are Julie and Zill. Some varieties can blossom and bear fruit twice a year.
China Taiwan Province Province mainly grows varieties such as Harden, Owen, Kent and Qier. In the past, other provinces (regions) mainly planted local varieties, such as Castanopsis kawakamii and Castanopsis kawakamii in Hainan, Castanopsis kawakamii in Xiantao in Gaozhou, Guangdong, Castanopsis kawakamii in Fujian, Castanopsis kawakamii, Castanopsis kawakamii, Castanopsis kawakamii and Castanopsis kawakamii in Yunnan. At present, all localities attach importance to the development of imported varieties. Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi mainly develop Castanopsis kawakamii, Castanopsis kawakamii, Castanopsis kawakamii, Castanopsis kawakamii with white ivory, Castanopsis kawakamii with red ivory and 1, Castanopsis kawakamii with green skin and Castanopsis kawakamii with purple flowers.
Key points of cultivation techniques
Multi-purpose skin grafting propagation, seeds are not resistant to storage, and should be sown immediately after harvest. Peel off the seed shell before sowing, take out the seed kernel to accelerate germination in the sand bed, and transplant the seedlings into the seedbed when the true leaves are not unfolded. Seedlings with a diameter of 0.8 cm can be grafted, and after grafting, secondary buds will grow and turn green completely, and then planted with soil. The planting row spacing is 6 ~ 8m, the plant spacing is 4 ~ 6m, and there are 265 and 438+00 ~ 420 plants per hectare. Before thinning, it can also be densely planted. Dwarf varieties (such as Castanopsis fissa) bear early fruits and should be planted closely. Young trees are fertilized four times a year, mainly with available nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, supplemented with trace elements. Fertilize fruit trees before flower bud differentiation (about165438+1October), during fruit development (March-June) and before and after fruit picking (June-August). The first two fertilizers are mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and the last one should be nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The missing elements should be supplemented according to the abundance and deficiency of boron and zinc in the orchard. Avoid applying heavy fertilizer in autumn and winter. Rational use of growth retardants such as B9 in winter can shorten the inflorescence length, which is beneficial to fruit setting. The main pests and diseases are mango anthracnose, mango powdery mildew, longicorn beetle, mango tail moth, busy fruit leafhopper, citrus fruit fly, mango weevil +0 and so on. , should be timely prevention and control.
economic value
Mango is sweet and pleasant, and is known as the "king of tropical fruits" in Europe and America. Soluble solids content of pulp 14 ~ 2 1%, protein 0.6 ~ 0.9%, and vitamin C 10 ~ 179mg and vitamin A13.2 ~ per/00g of pulp. Edible food, canned food, fruit juice, dried tablets and processed drinks are very popular in the international market and have high economic value. Due to the difficulty of preservation and high transportation cost, the trade volume of fresh fruits in the international market is not large at present, and dehydrated mangoes and frozen mangoes are also very popular. In Hainan, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian and other provinces (autonomous regions) in China, where the annual average temperature is 1 5℃ or higher, fine varieties suitable for local development can be selected, and courtyard greening trees and street trees can be selected in areas without freezing injury in winter.