The rise and fall of the dynasty is closely related to the emperor's ability and behavior. Emperor Jiaqing has been in power for 25 years, and he has been weak and has not achieved much. In the first three years after Emperor Jiaqing ascended the throne, everything was decided by the emperor's father, and Emperor Jiaqing was just a routine. In the fourth year of Jiaqing, after Qianlong died, Emperor Jiaqing formulated a series of measures to punish corrupt officials, put an end to extravagance and corruption, made Ren Xian famous all over the world, and made the Qing court slightly rejuvenated. However, due to his lenient law enforcement, some corrupt officials were pardoned for various reasons, which led to the intensification of corruption. In addition, he could not consistently implement the established policies, and many measures could not be implemented, or were changed soon after implementation, and some were even deposed, resulting in little effect of rectification and rectification, and the Qing Dynasty embarked on the road of decline. All these can be fully proved in Juju's notes.
During the Jiaqing period, the bureaucracy was corrupt and the armaments were slack. The typical example of official corruption is the works of Xiao Shenyang, a big corrupt official who is deeply loved by Qianlong. According to Ju Zhu, in the first month of the fourth year of Jiaqing (1799), Emperor Qianlong died, and Emperor Jiaqing punished Xiao Shenyang and confiscated his property. Among the 20 accusations made by Xiao Shenyang, 8 are about Xiao Shenyang's greed. For example, the nanmu house built in small Shenyang is over-regulated, and its treasures are modeled after the Ningshou Palace system, and the garden decoration is no different from the Pengdao Yaotai in Yuanmingyuan; There are more than 200 pearl bracelets hidden at home, several times more than Otani. There are tens of millions of pieces of silver and clothes in the house, more than 26,000 pieces of gold hidden in the wall, more than 6,200 pieces of gold hidden in the private vault, and more than 2 million pieces of silver buried in the cellar ... It can be seen that the greed of Little Shenyang is hard to see. In fact, official corruption is not only manifested in the insatiable greed of the emperor's cronies, but also in the exploitation of people by officials at all levels. State and county officials extorted money in many ways, exhausted their resources and fished, exploited the king, and the vassals extorted their subordinates, cutting them off layer by layer. These situations are recorded in Juju's notes. Weakness of armaments is also an important manifestation of the decline of the Qing Dynasty. During the Jiaqing period, officials deducted salaries and blackmailed the people. Soldiers are lax in training and discipline, and their combat effectiveness is greatly reduced.
The corruption of officials has increased the burden on the people and intensified social contradictions. Under the exploitation of corrupt officials, ordinary people cannot survive, so they have to take risks and rise up. During the Jiaqing period, Miao uprising took place in Hunan and Guizhou, Yao uprising in Guangdong and Guangxi, An Baili uprising in Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi, and peasant uprising in Henan, Hebei and Shandong. In the face of peasant uprising, the Qing army was exhausted. During the Jiaqing period, there were a lot of records about suppressing peasant uprisings in each volume. Emperor Jiaqing's imperial edicts, whether rewarding those who made meritorious deeds in suppressing the uprising or supervising those who failed in suppressing the uprising, reflected that solving social contradictions became a prominent problem at that time. As Mr. Dai Yi, a famous expert in Qing history, pointed out, the great historical significance of Anbaili Uprising is that it dealt a heavy blow to the feudal rule of the Qing Dynasty, stripped it of its "prosperity" and "peace", exposed its decay and weakness, and became a turning point in the Qing Dynasty from prosperity to decline.
Jiaqing himself is mediocre, and domestic peasant uprisings continue. In the first year of Jiaqing, Anbaili Uprising broke out in the border areas of Sichuan, Chu and Shaanxi, and then spread to Sichuan, Chu, Shaanxi, Henan and Gansu provinces, which lasted for nine years. In more than nine years of fighting, the insurgents occupied or breached 204 counties, fought against a large number of troops recruited by the Qing government from 16 provinces, wiped out a large number of Qing troops, killed more than 400 generals below the deputy generals, and raised more than 20 first-and second-class officials such as Zhen. The Qing government's military expenditure was 220 million yuan, equivalent to four years' fiscal revenue. The uprising weakened the Manchu, and then the rule of the Manchu gradually declined.
From the 59th year of Qianlong to the 15th year of Jiaqing (1794 ~ 18 10), Cai E broke out an armed struggle against Manchu rule in the coastal areas of Fujian, Zhejiang and Guangdong. In the mid-Kangxi period, the Manchu government intensified its oppression of the people, forcing the people in the southeast coast to make a living in the sea. In the fifty-ninth year of Qianlong, Cai Qian, a native of Tongan, Fujian Province, led bankrupt fishermen and unemployed people in Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, Fujian Province, to rob merchants at sea to save themselves, and then took the coastal areas of Fujian and Zhejiang as the base to fight against the Qing Dynasty. In the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), he led a fleet to attack the Great and Small Danshan Mountains in Haikou, Xiamen. More than 500 people landed and seized guns 13. The Qing court ordered Li Changgeng, the prefect of Zhejiang Navy, to go to Fujian to build 30 large ships and cast more than 400 cannons to attack. At the beginning of the second year, Cai Qian was ambushed by Li Changgeng in the coastal area of Putuo, Zhejiang, and retreated to the coastal area of Fujian, leaving only 24 warships, which was at a disadvantage. Then he surrendered to Yu De, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, and bribed Fujian businessmen to build huge ships with thick gold to restore their combat power. In the summer of nine years, he moved to Taiwan Province Province, assembled 80 large ships, plunged into Fujian, killed Hu Zhensheng, the company commander in Wenzhou, and burned 26 warships. The Qing court ordered Li Changgeng to lead the Fujian-Zhejiang navy to attack along the coast of Zhejiang and defeat Cai Qian. In the winter of ten years, Cai Qian wanted to take Taiwan Province Province to establish a stronghold, assemble more than 100 warships, and first capture Danshui and Fengshan (now Kaohsiung) in Taiwan Province Province. With the support of local people, the team has grown to more than 20 thousand people. Cai Qian was promoted to the king of Zhenhai, and led the crowd around the provincial capital. The Qing court urgently transferred Guangzhou general Sai Chong 'a to Taiwan as an imperial minister to supervise the army, and ordered Li Changgeng to lead 3000 sailors across the sea to suppress the rebels. Cai Qian sank the ship to Luermen Port and blocked the ships of the Qing army. 1 1 At the beginning of the month, Li Changgeng blocked Luermen and its nearby ports to prevent the rebels from breaking through. Cai Qian took advantage of the sudden rise of the tide and the sinking of the ship to break through from the sea to Fujian and Zhejiang. 1At the end of February, he confronted Li Changgeng and Fujian Navy prefect Zhang Jiansheng in Heishuiyang, Guangdong. After the setback, only three big ships and more than a dozen small boats were left. The Qing army attacked the ship by fire, and Cai led the ship successfully. Cai set fire to the stern and killed it. Zhang Jiansheng chickened out of the fight. Cai Qian moved to the distant seaside to have a rest. The Qing court ordered Wang Delu and Qiu Lianggong to be the prefects of Fujian and Zhejiang respectively, and jointly laid siege to them. The rebel army fought for a long time, with heavy casualties and internal divisions. /kloc-in August of 0/4, Cai Qian and the Fujian-Zhejiang navy of the Qing army fought continuously in the offshore of Yushan, Zhejiang, and were besieged by the Qing army. Being outnumbered, he fired a gun and set sail, taking his wife, children and more than 250 people to the bottom of the sea. The following year, the remaining 1300 people were cleared. At this point, Cai Qian uprising failed.
In July of the seventh year of Jiaqing (1802), tens of thousands of people revolted against the Heaven and Earth Society in Boluo County, Guangdong Province. In the eighth year of Jiaqing (1803), Jiaqing returned to ouchi from Yuanmingyuan and was about to enter Shunzhen Gate. Suddenly, a man rushed out to assassinate him, and more than 100 people accompanying Jiaqing were dumbfounded for a moment. Thanks to the hard work of several princes present, the assassin was caught. It turned out that his name was Chen De and he was a civilian. Because he was poor and didn't tell, he resented the oppression of Manchu rule, so he lay down his life to sneak into the palace and prepare to assassinate the emperor. Later, Chen De's family was killed.
In September of the 18th year of Jiaqing, Lin Qing, the leader of Tian Li in Beijing, rebelled and invaded the palace. Tian Li, also known as Eight Diagrams, is a branch of Anbaili religion, which spreads all over Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi and Henan, and is divided into eight districts to organize followers according to Eight Diagrams. Huaxian County and Hejing Linqing are the main leaders. On September 15th, the 18th year of Jiaqing (the lunar calendar), all directions rebelled at the same time. However, due to the exposure of Li Wencheng's actions, he was arrested and imprisoned. On September 7th, the people of hua county revolted ahead of schedule, rescued and occupied hua county. Li Wencheng calls himself "da Tian Ming Li Shun Allah". Lin Qing revolted as scheduled, organized armed forces in Huangcun, south of Beijing, and sneaked into the city with 200 people. Under the guidance of Liu Jinheng, a proselyte eunuch, Donghua and Xihuamen were attacked. At that time, Emperor Jiaqing was hunting in Jehol, and the palace was in a panic. The emperor's second son (the last time, the same below) would rather deploy elite soldiers from the Firearms Camp and the Jianrui Camp to enter the palace and fight in Shanghai and abroad. The rebels were outnumbered and withdrew from the palace. 10 June 16, Lin Qing was arrested and died in Huangcun. After Li Wencheng army captured hua county, it occupied Daokou Town and other places. The Qing court dispatched Yang Yuchun and Yang Fang to lead the army to suppress. 65438+ February 65438+ July, Li Wen died of self-immolation in Sizhai (now Huixian). 10.4, the Qing army captured hua county, and his wife Zhang killed dozens of people and hanged herself. The uprising finally failed. This uprising was greatly shaken because Lin Qing broke into the Forbidden City. Emperor Jiaqing admitted that this was "unprecedented in the Han, Tang, Song and Ming Dynasties" and that "nothing happened, but the Great Qing Dynasty happened!"
After the Tianli uprising, the fatuous Jiaqing did not want to reduce the exploitation of the people, but absurdly thought that the trees in the palace destroyed the geomantic omen, so he ordered all the trees in the palace to be cut down. Later emperors learned from their ancestors and did not replant trees, which made the ancient trees in the Forbidden City rare today.