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Analyzing the Motive Factors of Scientific Development by Combining Dialectics of Nature
Note: The answer to the question comes from Introduction to Dialectics of Nature (2006 Edition) and the papers on the website and HowNet. Because of some questions, I didn't find the corresponding answers, just listed some contents. For reference only!

Noun interpretation

1 science

Science is a knowledge system that reflects the essence and laws of various phenomena in the real world with categories, theorems, laws and other forms of thinking, and it is one of social ideologies. Science is the classified knowledge of human beings.

Basic definition-Science is a person who advocates truth and truth. It explores and practices endlessly, and tends to approach the truth in stages, explaining and revealing the characteristics of truth, such as stages, development, historicity, dialectics, universality, particularity and information. As far as possible, it does not contain contradictory knowledge systems, and most of the achievements are conducive to the lofty cause of benefiting human society.

Science should include seven aspects:

Science as the result of human spirit: knowledge system

As an activity of human beings to create knowledge: scientific activities

Science as a form of human social organization: social organization system

Science is the first productive force of mankind: scientific productive force.

Science as a Method: Scientific Methodology

Science as Culture: Scientific Culture

As a Dialogue between Man and Nature: Scientific Dialogue

2 scientific problems

Scientific problem is a category of scientific and technical knowledge that scientific and technical personnel want to achieve but fail to achieve under certain known background knowledge in the process of scientific and technological research. It is a subjective reflection of the gap between the known background knowledge and the unknown content of the research object by the scientific research subject. Its objective content is the part that the scientific research subject wants to know about the unknown content of the research object. Its subjective form is mainly interrogative sentences, sometimes declarative sentences, imperative sentences and so on.

We can define scientific problems from three levels.

Three global issues

Global problems, also known as world problems. Mr. Yin Xicheng, a famous scholar, believes that global problems are urgent problems that exist all over the world and seriously threaten the survival and development of mankind, and can only be solved through the joint efforts of mankind.

Global problems were gradually exposed in 1950s and 1960s, and became increasingly acute in 1970s and 1980s. Today, these problems have attracted the attention of the whole world, and it is time to solve them.

Global problems involve a wide range, such as ecological imbalance, environmental pollution, energy crisis, population explosion, nuclear bomb threat, food shortage, North-South gap, belief crisis, value confusion and so on. To sum up, it can be divided into three types.

(1) Natural problems: they are mainly presented in the form of natural crises, with typical manifestations of ecological imbalance, environmental deterioration and gradual depletion of energy. (2) Social problems: mainly in the form of social crisis, mainly caused by the competition of multi-polar stakeholders in human society and human ignorance. (3) Mental problems: These problems are not only an important part of global problems, but also the ideological roots of other global problems (natural problems and social problems). It is mainly manifested through individual behavior, including the uncertainty of values and the crisis of belief, the vulgarization of spiritual world and the degeneration of morality, and leads to the expansion of various negative behavior patterns among teenagers.

The three kinds of global problems influence and penetrate each other, and increasingly present the following characteristics: universality; Honesty; Complexity; Profound; Severity.

3 inspiration

Inspiration is a psychological phenomenon in the process of creative thinking. It is a new way of thinking that is suddenly connected after a long-term pursuit and meditation on a certain problem under the inspiration of an inducer. Normal people may be inspired, but at different levels, there is no difference in essence. Inspiration has the following characteristics: ① Based on abstract thinking and image thinking, it is closely related to other psychological activities. ② Sudden onset and rapid disappearance. ③ It is the result of creative thinking, novel and even unique. 4 emotional. When inspiration comes, people's mood is tense, highly excited and even crazy.

4 scientific hypothesis

Scientific hypothesis is the thinking form of the development of scientific theory, and it is a hypothetical explanation of unknown natural phenomena and their regularity made in advance in people's minds according to their own scientific principles and facts. Scientific hypothesis is a possible scheme of scientific theory.

According to the definition of Encyclopedia of China, scientific hypothesis refers to "a speculative statement made on the problem under study based on existing scientific knowledge and new scientific facts." Pushing knowledge from the known to the unknown, and then transforming the unknown into the known, is an essential way of thinking and an important form of scientific development. "

In this pair of scientific hypotheses, two meanings are expressed. First, scientific hypothesis has the nature of speculation and hypothesis, and does not belong to scientific facts verified by practice; Second, scientific hypothesis is different from unfounded subjective and arbitrary hypothesis, but based on known established scientific knowledge and new scientific facts. It is a scientific question refined on these bases. Based on various scientific knowledge, it forms a basic viewpoint to answer the question by using the methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction and analogy imagination. It is based on the existing scientific knowledge and scientific facts, which determines that there is a necessary condition as a scientific hypothesis, that is, testability in principle. If there is no testability in principle, the relevant statement cannot be called a scientific hypothesis.

5. Technological innovation

Technological innovation is a process in which entrepreneurs make use of possible profit conditions, reorganize production conditions and production factors, establish an efficient enterprise management model, introduce new products, design new processes, propose new methods, open up new markets, obtain new sources of raw materials or semi-finished products, and establish new enterprise organization and management to obtain commercial benefits.

Technological innovation should have the following four basic characteristics: innovation, social practice and historical stage.

6 ecological balance

Within the ecosystem, between producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic environment, the dynamic state of energy and material input and output remains relatively stable for a certain period of time. If the ecosystem is disturbed by the outside world beyond its self-regulation ability, it will lead to the destruction of ecological balance. Ecological balance is a state in which the structure and function of the ecosystem are relatively stable in a certain period of time. The input and output of matter and energy are almost equal, and it can be restored to the original stable state through self-regulation (or artificial control) under external interference. When the external disturbance exceeds the self-control ability of the ecosystem and cannot be restored to its original state, it is called ecological imbalance or destruction of ecological balance. Ecological balance is dynamic. Maintaining ecological balance is not only to maintain its original stable state. Ecosystem can establish a new balance under the beneficial influence of human beings, and realize more reasonable structure, more efficient function and better ecological benefits.

(1) The natural ecosystem evolved from simple to complex for a long time, and finally formed a relatively stable state. So far, its species have remained relatively stable in terms of species and quantity; The input and output of energy are almost equal, that is, the energy flow and material circulation in the system can keep balance for a long time. At this time, the creatures in the system will fill all the effective space, and the environmental resources can be used most reasonably and effectively. For example, the tropical rain forest is a community that has developed to a mature stage. Its vertical stratification is obvious, its structure is complex, and there are many species per unit area, each occupying favorable environmental conditions, living in harmony with each other and having high productivity;

(2) The ecosystem has certain internal adjustment ability.

(3) Ecological balance is dynamic. In the process of biological evolution and community succession, it includes the process of constantly breaking the old balance and establishing a new balance. Human beings should be inspired by nature, instead of looking at the ecological balance negatively, and exert their subjective initiative to maintain the ecological balance suitable for human needs (such as establishing nature reserves), or break the old balance that does not meet their own requirements and establish a new balance (such as transforming the desert into an oasis), so as to make the structure of the ecosystem more reasonable, the function more perfect and the benefit higher.

Ecological balance is an important condition for the whole biosphere to maintain a normal life support system, which provides suitable environmental conditions and stable material resources for human beings.

Fourth, short answer questions

1, analyze the relationship between the whole system and its parts with examples?

Principle of relationship between whole and part

Materialist dialectics holds that everything is an organic whole composed of parts, and parts cannot be separated from the whole, and the whole is higher than the parts. The two depend on each other and influence each other.

We are required to do things from a holistic perspective and seek the best goal; Do a good job in the local, give full play to the overall role, and establish a global concept and overall thinking.

We can't lose the environment of the whole society for local interests. In the end, it is not worth the loss!

The integrity of the system requires us to observe and deal with problems with an organic whole view. The principle of systematic integrity is the concrete application and embodiment of materialist dialectics in the principle of universal connection. To adhere to the holistic view, we must correctly understand and handle the relationship between the whole and the part.

First, they are interdependent. On the one hand, the whole is composed of parts, without which there is no whole; On the other hand, the part cannot be separated from the whole, and the part that leaves the whole loses its original meaning.

Secondly, the whole is not a simple addition of its parts. The whole optimization system is greater than the sum of its parts.

Finally, the two interact. On the one hand, the whole plays a leading and decisive role in coordinating the development of all parts in a unified direction. On the other hand, each part also has its relative independence, which reacts on the whole, and the change of some parts will also affect the change of the whole.

Significance of system

Modern system science holds that everything exists in a systematic way. Everything, regardless of its scope, can be regarded as a system under certain conditions. The so-called system is an organic whole composed of a certain number of interrelated elements with specific functions.

Characteristics of the system

(1) Structurality is the way in which elements or parts of a system are combined with each other. Any system has a relatively stable structure, and the structural nature of the system requires us to optimize the structure to achieve the best function of the whole.

(2) Hierarchy refers to the status, rank and relationship between system and elements (subsystems). The difference between systems is relative. The hierarchy of the system requires us to pay attention to its dynamic order in order to maintain the considerable stability of the structure.

(3) Openness refers to the relationship between the system and the surrounding environment. The openness of the system requires us to attach importance to and make use of external conditions and strive to create a good external environment.

(4) Integrity refers to the relationship between system and elements. The most striking feature of this system is integrity. The properties and functions of a system are not the simple sum of the properties and functions of its constituent elements, but the new properties and functions determined by the overall structure of the system. The reason why the system has brand-new properties and functions that its elements do not have is because the system is not a mechanical accumulation of constituent elements, but an organic organization. Through the interrelation and interaction between the elements, a certain synergistic effect will be produced and a specific structure will be formed, which will make the system show unity and synergy in the complex interaction, so the system will show the overall function with the structure as the carrier.

2. Conditions of self-organization, and analyze one of them with examples?

Dissipative structure theory studies the conditions needed to build a self-organizing system; The development motivation of self-organization is studied by synergetics theory. Catastrophe theory studies the path problem in the process of self-organization evolution; Hypercycle theory provides a method of self-organizing material and energy information exchange; Fractal theory studies the evolution of the system from the spatial structure; Chaos theory describes the historical process of the evolution of things in time.

Take dissipative structure as an example to illustrate. Dissipative structure theory is a self-organization theory to study non-equilibrium systems. This theory is studied by the methods of validity and statistical physics: how an open system far away from equilibrium changes into a new state with orderly time, space or function through continuous exchange of matter, energy and information with the outside world. When a parameter in the system changes to a closed value, the system may suddenly change after fluctuation. This state must constantly consume energy to maintain and maintain stability. From the original chaotic state to the new stable macro-ordered structure. In an isolated system (a system that cannot exchange material and energy with the outside world), any process that occurs must be entropy increase. For an open system, as long as there is negative entropy input, it is possible for the system to maintain an orderly structure and avoid entropy increase.

3. What is the natural scientific basis of dialectical thinking?

Dialectical thinking mode is based on natural science, not closed and static. With the development of social practice and natural science, it will constantly revise, enrich and develop its own theoretical system. As a result of the physics revolution at the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, 65438+ established a theoretical system of modern physics based on relativity and quantum mechanics. This revolution completely changed the basis of modern mechanical materialism thinking mode, that is, Newtonian mechanics. Later, with the revolution of physics as the forerunner, a series of new disciplines and theories, such as modern cosmology, particle physics, molecular biology, cybernetics, system theory, information theory, dissipative structure theory, synergetic theory, hypercycle theory and chaos theory, have undergone fundamental changes in their views on nature, science and methodology. These new discoveries in natural science provide new support for dialectics of nature, and also enrich and develop the content of dialectical materialism.

4. Combining your major and work, talk about your understanding and experience of engineering innovation?

(1) Engineering activities not only reflect the relationship between man and nature, but also reflect the relationship between man and society. The basic feature of engineering activities is the selection, synthesis and integration of technical factors, human factors, economic factors, management factors and social factors, and the basic feature of engineering innovation is integrated innovation. The view that only engineering activities are interpreted as simple "application of science" or "application of technology" is a serious misunderstanding of the nature of engineering. (2) Engineering activity is a complex, significant and innovative process, which cannot be accomplished overnight. People should not only pay attention to breakthrough innovation activities, but also pay attention to gradual and cumulative innovation activities. 3) The characteristics and performance of innovation will be different in different industries and different types of projects. 4) Engineering activities and engineering innovation are value-oriented processes, and multi-party relations and interests must be considered as a whole.

Engineering activities should fully consider not only technical feasibility and economic benefits, but also environmental and social benefits. If the environmental and social effects are not considered and the direct and indirect benefits of a project are not fully considered, not only the project itself is unreasonable, but also the project may fail due to various obstacles (such as strong public opposition). Engineering activities must reasonably plan and coordinate various interests. At present, some people advocate public participation in engineering activities, and think that engineering activities should embody the principles of respecting the public and democracy, and promote the exchange of various values. This will not only enable the public to increase their understanding of the project through participation, but also help to establish an effective supervision and restraint mechanism.

5. What are the main ideas and characteristics of the view of nature in different times (ancient, modern and modern)?

(1) began in the 7th century BC, and developed in ancient China, Egypt, Babylon, Greece, Rome and other countries. It is the result of human's spontaneous, simple and intuitive understanding of nature. It is a theoretical understanding in the form of natural philosophy. It aims to explore the nature of the world and its development and changes, and is the product of the combination of shallow natural science knowledge and philosophical thinking.

(2) The formation of the metaphysical view of nature in modern philosophy. The so-called metaphysical view of nature is the view that all natural phenomena are simply explained by Newtonian mechanics, and it is also the view of nature of mechanical materialism. It takes an isolated, static and one-sided view of everything in the world, thinking that everything in the world is static and unconnected. If there is a change, it is only an increase or decrease in quantity or a change in location. There is no qualitative change, and the reasons for the development and change of things are attributed to the promotion of external forces. Think that the sky remains unchanged, the earth remains unchanged, and the species remains unchanged. The basic viewpoints of metaphysical view of nature are: the whole nature is composed of matter; The nature of matter depends on the number combination and spatial structure of the smallest particles that cannot be subdivided; Matter has constant mass and inherent inertia; All material movements are the displacement of matter in an absolutely unified time and space, and they all follow the causal relationship of mechanical determinism; The motion of matter is driven by external forces. Therefore, nature and the universe are regarded as a non-dynamic reality, but a huge machine manipulated by a god other than nature. Man and nature are separated and opposed, and man is outside nature. He is a creature different from nature.

(3) Modern dialectics of nature. Since the late18th century, the development achievements of natural science have strongly impacted the metaphysical mechanical materialist view of nature produced in early modern times. Marx and segars scientifically summarized the latest achievements of natural science at that time, inherited the dialectical view of the ancient Greek view of nature, overcame the metaphysical nature of the mechanical materialist view of nature, critically absorbed the dialectical thought of German classical natural philosophy, especially Hegel, established the dialectical materialist view of nature, ended the rule of the old natural philosophy and metaphysics, and realized the human view of nature. Its basic principle is: nature is material, the level of material structure is infinite, material is in eternal movement, movement is immortal in quantity and quality, time and middle are the basic forms of material movement, and natural movement is regular.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) On the Problems of Literature

1. As early as more than 100 years ago, Engels reminded people not to be too intoxicated with our victory over nature. Every time such a victory, nature will retaliate against us. Every victory did achieve our expected results in the first step, but it had completely different unexpected effects in the second and third steps, and the first result was often cancelled. " Combined with the understanding of Engels' passage, how to evaluate the formulation that "man should be the master of nature" and "man can conquer nature"? And what kind of correct view of nature should we establish?

A: Engels' words are about the relationship between man and nature. Man and nature are dialectical relations of mutual restriction and interaction.

Man and nature should establish a harmonious relationship. The views that "man should be the master of nature" and "man can conquer nature" are one-sided, which only proves that man can conquer nature on the one hand. If human beings ask for nature without restriction and ignore its carrying capacity, they will eventually be punished by nature!

It is necessary to establish dialectical materialist view of nature, ecological view of nature and scientific view of nature, which are essentially unified.

Dialectical materialism holds that the material world is unified in essence, and everything in nature is an interconnected and interactive whole, and everything is in the process of interconnection and interaction. The change of anything will affect other things and produce a series of chain effects. In the ecological environment, different organisms will compete with each other and depend on each other to jointly maintain the orderly movement of the natural large-scale system, thus realizing the continuous evolution of species. The view of ecological nature emphasizes the harmonious unity of classification and nature, which is the basic principle to deal with the relationship between man and nature and the basic viewpoint of Marxist dialectical materialism. Compared with nature, human sociality and naturalness are fundamentally different. People have not only natural attributes, but also social attributes. Therefore, according to the needs of the development of modern society, China put forward Scientific Outlook on Development's thought. The view of ecological nature and Scientific Outlook on Development are essentially unified, and Scientific Outlook on Development emphasized human sociality. The essence of Scientific Outlook on Development lies in realizing the balance between man and nature, the dialectical unity of man's development and nature's development, and the all-round and coordinated development of economy and society. It not only emphasizes the pursuit of economic benefits, but also emphasizes the importance of social and ecological benefits; It is not only the harmonious relationship between man and nature, but also the harmony between people.

2. Analyze the causes of environmental problems with examples? How to govern? What is the relationship between governance and development and how to deal with it?

The causes of environmental problems are: first, the speed of human economic activities to obtain resources exceeds the regeneration speed of resources themselves and their substitutes; Secondly, the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment.

Governance methods: control population growth; Develop advanced technology and save energy;

Governance and development, in the long run, governance environment is to better develop the economy. But it will affect economic development in the short term. Both promote and restrict each other.

Solution: abandon the one-sided view of economic growth and establish a comprehensive development view of coordinated development of environment, economy and society. Environmental publicity and education make environmental awareness become people's conscious awareness. Strive to take the road of sustainable economic growth and build an environment-friendly society. (I made it up myself and couldn't find the answer)

3. How to understand the integration trend of science and technology? Explain the integration of science and technology in combination with your major or practical work?

Science and technology are two forms and means for human beings to understand and transform the material world. The essence of science lies in understanding nature and revealing the regularity of the movement of natural things, which is mainly manifested in that the subject of scientific understanding obtains information about the object of knowledge through certain methods and means and grasps the regularity of the object's movement; In the process of understanding, it is from practice to understanding. The essence of technology is the process that the subject applies the acquired knowledge about the regularity of objects to change and transform nature and realize people's goals and aspirations. In the process of cognition, it shows from cognition to practice.

Science and technology are often combined, and they are interrelated, interactive and mutually reinforcing. Especially in modern society, the relationship between science and technology is getting closer and closer, and it is getting more and more infiltrated. In production practice and scientific experiments, the close relationship between science and technology has reached an inseparable level, and the results of scientific research are often applied to the production process in time.

Infiltrate into the essential elements of productivity, directly affect the production process, and guide production scientifically in theory through technology. In modern society, production activities are not purely technical, but always linked with the social environment. Technical activities and production activities must be carried out under scientific and reasonable norms, and can not be separated from the guidance of scientific theories for a moment. Without the guidance of scientific theory, it is impossible for production activities and technical activities to achieve the goal of lowest cost and highest benefit. In modern society, science, technology and production are separated, just for research. But in the process of practical application, the three are always interrelated, science and technology and production tend to be integrated into a large system, and their goals are interrelated and the overall goal is the same.

4. Try to describe the connotation and core concept of sustainable development, and talk about how to build an environment-friendly society in combination with the reality of China.

The concept of sustainable development can be understood as establishing a process or technical system that produces almost no waste and pollutants, realizing sustainable economic development and improving the quality of life on the premise of strengthening the production and renewal capacity of environmental systems and ensuring that environmental resources will not be reduced; In other words, sustainable development refers to the long-term coordinated development of complex natural, economic and social systems without destroying the carrying capacity of resources and environment.

Sustainable development requires that the ecosystem can maintain its self-sustaining ability when it is disturbed. The regeneration and sustainable utilization of resources and the sustainable cycle of ecosystem are the primary conditions for the sustainable development of human society. Natural resources are the basis and conditions for human survival and development. Without natural resources, there would be no human survival and development. Sustainable development requires people to adjust their way of life and production, regenerate after natural resources are consumed, and minimize the waste and destruction of natural resources.

First of all, due to China's large population, small resource reserves and low utilization efficiency, one of the important measures to build an environment-friendly society is to save resources. In addition, because the economic growth mode at the expense of resources has come to an end, the construction of an environment-friendly society is a systematic project when it needs to be changed, including the establishment of Scientific Outlook on Development, the construction of laws and regulations, the construction of systems, the construction of policy mechanisms, the development of science and technology culture, and the formulation and implementation of practical action plans. In short, it can be summarized into four aspects: vigorously developing circular economy, which is an important way to build a resource-saving and environment-friendly society; It is necessary to develop environment-friendly technologies and products from three levels: enterprise, industry and region. Change ideas, promote "green GDP" and the assessment of environmental performance of leading cadres; Carry out technological innovation and progress to provide scientific and technological support for building an environment-friendly society.

5. How to correctly understand "technical optimism" and "technical pessimism", and what is the correct attitude of technical social evaluation?

The essence of technical optimism is "technical worship" or "technical salvation", and its basic feature is to idealize, absolutize or sanctify technology, and regard technological progress as the decisive factor and fundamental driving force of social development. Technical pessimism holds that the high development of modern technology has brought excessive exploitation and consumption to the earth, brought serious pollution to the surrounding environment, and threatened the survival and development of mankind, which cannot be avoided and overcome. In dealing with the relationship between technology and the development of human society, both technological optimism and pessimism can be classified as "technological determinism". Everyone regards technology as the only decisive force of social development, while downplaying the influence of other social factors on technological development, especially the significance of social reform and social revolution. As far as methodology is concerned, technological optimism, like technological pessimism, is stuck in the "monistic linear view of history". We should dialectically and systematically analyze the development of technology and human society. As an integral part of the complex system of human society, technology is the "primary productive force", but it cannot take full responsibility for the progress of human society. Technology not only embodies the will of the subject who uses it, but also embodies the needs and purposes of the whole human society and the relationship between man and nature. In order to make technology develop in the direction of benefiting mankind, from the point of view of system theory, we must adjust the relationship between man and nature and between man and himself. That is to say, we should combine the study of technical problems with the study of social problems, turn negative factors into positive factors, and combine technology with human goals.

Class notes

Conditions for scientific development: surprise, leisure and freedom.

The ancient agricultural books in China include Xia, Bi Sheng, Nong Shu, Nong Shu, Nong Zheng Quan Shu and Qi Shu.

Medical masterpiece Huangdi Neijing

Bian Que, Hua Tuo, Zhang Zhongjing.

The starting point of industrial revolution: the transformation of textile machine tools