Keywords "hit"; Wu local dialect; Hey; Pronunciation; The meaning of a word
Local chronicles are historical records that reflect and record local conditions, and should comprehensively reflect a place's history, geography, politics, economy, culture and customs, and the language resources of a place are an important part of local cultural construction, so dialect volumes are an important part of a local chronicle. [1] Wu dialect is the most widely used and important language in Zhejiang. The development of society and the communication of human beings have resulted in the differences of languages, regions and nationalities and dialects. Dialect embodies the characteristics and social environment of a place, and many words in Wu dialect have special pronunciations and meanings. Studying these words is of great significance to the study of local chronicles, linguistics and archival science. Many scholars have studied the sound and meaning of "da" from the perspectives of linguistics, ancient literature and comparative literature. Many reliable conclusions and opinions have also been drawn. On the basis of predecessors' research results, I have some opinions and opinions on the pronunciation and meaning of the word "da" in dialects, because I grew up in Wu. There is not much research on the word "da" in dialects by predecessors, and I am not an expert in linguistics. Therefore, although these views are new in this field, they may not be correct. I can only say that I hope to be of some help or reference to scholars who study the pronunciation and meaning of the word "da" in Wu language in the future.
First, the research status of the word "Da"
In linguistics, many scholars have studied the word "da". Mr. Wang Yaodong's Textual Research on the Origin and Pronunciation of Typing introduces two views on the origin and pronunciation of the word "Da" in detail: Huang Sheng thinks that "Da" is transformed from the word "Ti", and the other view thinks that "Da" is a popular word of "Bi"; The pronunciation of the word "Da" has changed from the cold sound of the local dialect to the sound of Ding Ya, and then to the dialects of Tongyu and Wu. [2] Mr. Huang Feng also mentioned the origin and interpretation of the pronunciation of the word "Da" in the article "The Sound and Meaning of the Word" Da ",and from the perspective of China ancient literature, quoted sentences from ancient books such as Dialect, Xuanjushi and Zukaosong to clarify the pronunciation of the word" Da ",combined with Gong Ci and Tang Yulin, [3] [4] In On the Semantic Evolution and Causes of "Da", Li Qi outlined the development status of "Da" and the reasons for its semantic inheritance and variation. [5]
In ancient literature, Professor Tang once made textual research on the word "da" in "Beating the Emperor at midnight". Mr. Tan Zhengbi believes that "beating" at midnight is a habitual action usage without knocking at the door. Different from his point of view, Professor Tang creatively thinks that the word "beating" in "Beating the Emperor in Three Nights" should come from "slapping the face" in China's ancient opera performance. [6]
In the aspect of comparative literature, Li systematically compares the English expressions corresponding to "da" in the article "A Probe into the English Translation of Chinese", which can be divided into three types: verb phrases, professional phrases, idioms and idioms. [7]
In addition, Liu Junli introduced the research and conclusion of the Chinese verb "da" in detail in the article "An Overview of Chinese Verbs", comprehensively compared the previous achievements and revealed the semantic evolution process of "da". [8]
Second, the source and pronunciation of the word "Da"
The seal character of "Da" is composed of (hand, racket and knock) and (ding and nail). The original meaning is hammering, hammering nails into boards. In fact, "big" is a word with many meanings. Ouyang Xiu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, raised the question about the word "da" for the first time in the Record of Returning to the Field, and recorded its wide application in spoken English. Mr. Liu Bannong collected more than 100 prefixes with the word "da" and explained them one by one in the article "Da Ya". He thinks the word "Da" is a "bastard word with vague meaning". [9] The original meaning of the word "da" is "strike", which mainly means "strike", "act" and "serve as the beginning of gerund". Mr. Hu summed up the meaning of the word "da" in his article "Saying" da "is a verb to hit, hit, wave and empty". [2]
Huang Sheng believes that "da" is derived from the sound of "ti". Say: "mention, slap." This is the sound of hands. "This view is actually incorrect. Although the word "mention" contains the meaning of blow, it is different. Notes on the interpretation of words in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "The word' Yi' is a common word. Explain that "da" is a common word for "bi". Before the end of the Han Dynasty, there was only the word "Yi", probably because the word "Yi" was mistakenly copied into "Da" in the process of document dissemination. It may also be that after the application scope of the word "Bi" is expanded, the glyph of the word "Da" can better reflect its meaning.
Ouyang Xiu mentioned the pronunciation of the word "da" in the Record of Returning to the Field: "From the T-shaped sound to the sound of hitting objects, the sound was changed to Ding-toothed for some reason." This cover is unclear. The northern sound is dyed in the south. In the book History of Chinese Phonetics, Mr. Wang Li listed the pronunciation of the word "Da" as "contingency". By the middle Tang Dynasty, it had been pronounced Ding Yaqie. After the Tang and Five Dynasties, influenced by the frequent use of the word "da" in imperial examinations, Ding Yaqie was still studied. Since then, influenced by the northwest dialect, Ding Ya cut into the lingua franca of the north, and some areas in the south also read the word "Da" as Ding Ya cut.
Third, the usage of "da" in wuyue.
The pronunciation of the word "Da" in wuyue dialect is also quite rich, and it has many meanings in a specific context. Starting with the dialect pronunciation of the word "Da" in Wu dialect, this paper discusses the reasons for the formation of various pronunciations and the cultural background they contain.
First, the word "hit" is pronounced "hit". People in the urban and suburban areas of Hangzhou generally pronounce the word "da" as "da", which is no different from the northern dialect. Hangzhou dialect is a dialect of Wu dialect, which belongs to a small part of Taihu Lake in Wu dialect. It has the general characteristics of Wu dialect, but it is greatly influenced by Putonghua, and personal pronouns, nouns and other Putonghua components are very large, so it is a "heterogeneous" in Wu dialect. There are many reasons for this. The more active the economic activity, the faster the dialect changes.
First of all, population migration leads to language changes. Throughout the evolution of Chinese dialects, most of the time is related to population migration. With the flow of population, ancient Chinese has been brought to all parts of southern China, and there has been a phenomenon of ancient Chinese differentiation. Wuyue's early residents were not from China, and Wu dialect still retains elements different from Chinese characters. Northern nobles and refugees in the Eastern Jin Dynasty went south. The outbreak of peasant uprising at the end of Tang dynasty led to the acceptance of a large number of immigrants in Jiangnan area. Large-scale population migration to the south has occurred continuously in history, which has preserved the ancient phonology of the Central Plains to a certain extent in the distant south. Geographical location and time distance determine the degree of differentiation. Although Sichuan is remote, it has been incorporated into the northern dialect system, because it was not until modern times that talents from China entered and the northerners could understand its language, despite its obvious characteristics.