Rubbing is an ancient traditional skill in China. It is a skill to clearly copy the words or patterns on inscriptions and utensils with rice paper and ink. Few people know this craft, and even fewer can reach the professional level. The rubbings are divided into South School and North School, among which there are many branches, among which Su School is the main technical school of South School. If there is no rubbings, it will be difficult to see the true face of Lushan Mountain, and it will become a "puzzle".
Chinese name: rubbings
Spelling: tà piàn
Interpretation: A piece of paper carved from an inscription.
Category: Oracle Bone Inscriptions rubbings, Qin and Han Dynasty Wadang rubbings.
Genre: traditional skills
Factions: South and North.
A piece of paper on which inscriptions, bronzes and other cultural relics are printed with their shapes, words or pictures.
The first draft of the sequel to Lao Can's Travels: "Lao Can asked the scholar,' What ancient monument is that broken stone under the west porch?' The Taoist priest replied,' It's the Qin Regiment, and its common name is Taishan Cross. There are rubbings for sale here. Gentlemen, do you want it? "Letter from Lu Xun to Wang Zhengshuo": "A package of rubbings, * * * 67, was also received on the same day. Yang Shuo's "The Peak of Mount Tai": "If you want to capture the shadow of history, you can choose some rubbings of Taishan stone carvings from the tea shops in Chaoyang Cave. "
Rubbing is one of the important carriers to record China culture. Useful materials can be found in history, geography, politics, economy, military affairs, nationalities, folk customs, literature, art, science and technology, architecture, etc. Broadly speaking, rubbings are to cover the surface of objects with rice paper and record patterns and characters with ink. The quantity and content are all-encompassing, such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions bronzes, epitaphs, cliff statues, coin portraits and so on. In a narrow sense, rubbings mainly refer to rubbings. Many inscriptions that have been lost and destroyed can only feel the content and style of the original inscriptions because of the rubbings handed down from generation to generation. For example, the Huashan Temple Monument in the Han Dynasty, the epitaph of Zhang Xuan in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the celestial monument in Soochow, and the Song Tuo Monument in Liu Gongquan in the Tang Dynasty are all orphans. If there is no rubbings, it will be difficult to see the true face of Lushan Mountain, and it will become a "puzzle".
Rubbing (rubbing, rubbing) refers to the technology of copying words and symbols on hard surfaces to portable paper with dyes. Most dyes use ink, which is generally replaced by pencils in modern times. Xuan paper with high water absorption is often used as paper material.
The main rubbings of traditional rubbings in China are calligraphy characters and a few patterns on stone tablets, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes. The rubbing method is different. Just cover the paper on a hard surface engraved with the contents to be unfolded, tilt the pencil head and gently color it, and you can copy the uneven parts of the pictures and texts to the paper. The traditional rubbing procedure in China requires that the graphic parts on the surface of stone or bronze should be cleaned first, and then poured thoroughly with clear water. Wet rice paper, small rubbings can be wet with soft brush, and large rubbings can be wet with towel. After wetting, gently wipe the rice paper on the rubbing surface from top to bottom, then stick a layer of dry rice paper on the wet rice paper to absorb excess water, fix the four corners, pat the rice paper with a brush to make the wet rice paper stick to the rubbing surface, and then uncover the dry rice paper. When the wet rice paper is slightly dry, dip an oar in an appropriate amount of ink and pat the wet rice paper lightly to copy the pictures and texts depicted. After the rice paper and ink are air-dried on the flat plate or air-dried, the four corners are removed and fixed, and finally the rice paper is removed.
Friction type
Oracle Bone Inscriptions's rubbings, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, were written by the Shang Dynasty in the Zhou Dynasty, also called "Wen Qi" and "Qike", with different styles in different periods. Except for a few notes, most of the contents belong to the records of the divination of the princes at that time.
Wadang rubbings in Qin and Han Dynasties are components of ancient buildings, which are muddy and cannot be unfolded, unlike photos, which can be copied indefinitely, increasing the weight of the collection.
Bricks in past dynasties expanded the changes of burial customs and systems in past dynasties, from Qin bricks to Ming bricks, becoming a series. The shorter the dynasty, the less the number, the more valuable it is, especially those with words and patterns.
The rubbings of ancient coins are generally small in size, and the tools for rubbings should be exquisite and compact, which has become the new favorite of collections.
Inkstone is one of Four Treasures of the Study. Inkstone is a derivative. The content of inkstone inscription records the descriptions and feelings of inkstone carvers, inkstone owners, inkstone givers, collectors and appreciators, as well as the feelings caused by inkstone, people and events.
China's rubbings refer to the stone reliefs, brick reliefs and tomb murals left over from the Han Dynasty, which are a combination of painting and sculpture. The rubbings of Han paintings have precious artistic value, collection value and academic research value. Among them, rubbings are divided into Zhu Tuo and Medog. Cinnabar and ink are used as pigments for rubbings, showing different color effects, while Zhu Tuo is mostly used for newly unearthed stone carvings in ancient times. Its rubbings are divided into cicada wing rubbings and Wujin rubbings.
This is the largest number of rubbings, involving famous historical sites, and it is the main reference for calligraphy copying today.
Bronze rubbings Bronze rubbings refer to rubbings of inscriptions and patterns printed on bronze mirrors and bronzes.
Rubbing, that is, sticking rice paper on the surface of utensils, rubbing with ink, and recording patterns and words.
The rubbings are printed directly from the original, the size and shape are the same as the original, which is a good method of scientific recording. In addition to objects with concave and convex patterns, this method is also widely used in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, inscriptions, epitaphs, ancient coins, portrait bricks and stone reliefs.
The basic method of rubbings is: firstly, clean the stone surface, scrape the patterns or characters to be rubbings as clearly as possible, cover the paper with a suitable size of Xuan paper, and gently wet it, then cover the paper with a layer of soft absorbent paper to protect the paper surface, and pat it gently with a brush to make the wet paper stick to the surface of the object and fluctuate up and down with its patterns and characters. Remove the covered layer of paper, wait until the wet paper is slightly dry, dip a proper amount of ink in the puff, spread it evenly on the surface of the puff, and pat it gently on the prominent object image to form a clear distinction between black and white.
Further reading: Stone carvings of Wu's tomb in Wuxiang Temple, Jiaxiang
Commonly known as Wuliangye or Wu's "Pre-Stone Chambers" and "Left Stone Chambers", they are located at the northern foot of Wudai Mountain in Zhifang Town, Jiaxiang County, Wu Jialin. It is the floorboard of Wu Liang, Wu Ban, Stone Temple and Shuangque in front of the Wu family tomb in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Among them, Wuliang Temple is the earliest stone carving decorative painting among the three stone temples in Shuangque, the Wu family tomb. At present, there are more than 40 stone carvings preserved, with the inscription of official script 1069, which is an important and most famous group of stone relief materials of ancestral temples in Han Dynasty, with a clear date. It is one of the works with smaller font in stone carving calligraphy in Han Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty wrote a calligraphy cloud on this stone: "There are very few villains in Han Li, especially those who are small and refined, and many and refined." .
According to the inscription on the stone que in the shrine, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wu family of Jiaxiang was an official for generations. In the first year of Jian 'an and Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty (147), Wu's ancestral hall was built in front of the tomb, carved by masons Meng Fu, Li, Sun Zong and others, and carved by a "skilled craftsman Wei". It took decades to build it, and it has been 65437 years.
Stone carvings in Wushi Temple include stones, stone lions, tombstones and portraits. The content of the portrait is extremely rich, which reflects the social situation, customs, laws and regulations, religious beliefs and so on in the Eastern Han Dynasty from different angles. From reality to history, from reality to imagination, from social practice to morality and ethics, it covers almost all fields that people can imagine. No wonder historians call the stone relief in Wushi Temple an encyclopedia of Han society. There is a saying among fans of epigraphy and Han portraits:
"National Han paintings look at Shandong, and Shandong Han paintings look at Jiaxiang."
The stone reliefs in Wushi Temple are the largest and most intact stone reliefs in China. Because of its rich content and exquisite carving, it is famous at home and abroad, and it is the most representative portrait cultural relic in China. 196 1 was listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units by the state. Since the Song Dynasty, it has attracted the attention of Zhao Mingcheng and Ouyang Xiu, and since the 9th century, western scholars have joined the ranks.
There are different opinions about the structure of ancestral temple. Some people say that the ancestral temple consists of four stone chambers, the former is Wurong Temple, the latter is Wu Kaiming Temple, the left is Wu Ban Temple, and the middle is Wuliang Temple. Some people say that the ancestral hall consists of three stone chambers, that is, the above four chambers have no back rooms. There are stone pagodas, stone lions, tombstones and portraits in the temple. The reliefs in stone carvings were discovered as early as the Song Dynasty, and were recorded by the Song Dynasty epigraphist Zhao Mingcheng in Jin Shi Lu and the writer Ouyang Xiu in Ji Gu Lu. Later, after many floods and siltation, the stone chamber was buried underground.
In the fifty-first year of Qing Qianlong (1786), Huang Yi, a Jinshi family, personally came here to look for it. Three stone chambers, such as Hanbei and Hanque, were discovered for the first time. Later, many stone reliefs were discovered one after another. Now, in addition to two stones scattered abroad and two stones transported to Jining for preservation, there are a pair of stone que and stone lion, two stone tablets, 43 stone reliefs and an official script inscription.
Part of the text in this article comes from the Internet.