The traditional mapping method in China is based on plane survey, so it can achieve certain accuracy in a small range, but it is not accurate enough for large-scale national maps or world maps. At the end of Ming Dynasty, Italian missionary Matteo Ricci introduced western latitude and longitude measurement technology and map drawing method with latitude and longitude grid into China, which was only a novelty for China literati at that time, and was not popularized as a new technology.

In the early Qing Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and China was unprecedentedly strong and unified. In order to consolidate the vast territory of the Qing Dynasty and safeguard the needs of national unity, Emperor Kangxi personally planned to carry out the grand work of latitude and longitude measurement and compiling the national map nationwide. In the 28th year of Kangxi (1689), during the Sino-Russian negotiation of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, Kangxi saw a map of Asia, and found that the geographical knowledge of northeast China on the map was quite lacking, which was deeply unfounded, so he made up his mind to carry out national surveying and mapping. Kangxi ordered Zhang Cheng, a French missionary, to teach surveying, mathematics, astronomy and geography, and translated them into Chinese and Manchu for emperors and surveyors to read. Send people to secretly buy western surveying and mapping instruments, clearly select talents to enter the palace to study surveying and mapping technology, and establish a surveying and mapping team. He asked Mr. Zhang to measure the latitude and longitude together when he visited Manchuria and Jiangnan several times, and ordered the Jesuits to draw a map near the capital and collate it themselves. He thought it was far better than the old map, so he ordered a survey team composed of China officials and western missionaries to map the whole country.

In the forty-seventh year of Kangxi (1708), French missionaries Bai Jin, Jean Baptiste Regis, Du Demei and others led a team to survey and map the Great Wall first. The first is the strip map along the Great Wall, which is more detailed, including surveying and mapping the gates, castles, roads, city blockades, river valleys, water systems and mountains in the long area. Then surveying and mapping North Zhili (now Hebei Province). In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), he went to the northeast for surveying and mapping. Two years later, the task of surveying and mapping in Northeast China was completed. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi (17 1 1), it was ordered to increase personnel and divide them into two teams. One team went to Shandong and its coastal areas for surveying and mapping, while the other team continued to survey Yumen in the west of the pregnancy map to Hami, Xinjiang, and then returned to the north of the Great Wall for surveying and mapping Kharka Mongolia, then went south for surveying and mapping the south of the Great Wall, passing through Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi and other areas, and returned to the capital in the following year 1 month. So far, the vast areas in Northeast China, North China and Northwest China have been surveyed. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), he went to Henan, Jiangnan, Zhejiang and Fujian (including Taiwan Province Province) for surveying and mapping. In the second year, two surveying and mapping teams were sent, one to Jiangxi, Guangdong and Guangxi, and the other to Yunnan and Sichuan. This year, the surveying and mapping task was not completed as scheduled, so Kangxi went to Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Hubei in the fifty-fourth year (17 15) and returned to Beijing in January in the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi (17 17). At the same time, Kangxi sent lamas who studied in Qin to Tibet to carry out surveying and mapping and complete the sketch of Tibet. Because some places were compiled into imperial maps based on observations and rumors along the way, the maps of Tibet were far less accurate than those of inland provinces, but Mount Everest, the highest peak in the world on the Tibetan border, was found in this survey. By the end of 17 17, surveying and mapping work has been completed except in the west of Hami, Xinjiang. Finally, it was concentrated in Beijing and compiled into the Panorama of the Forbidden City. According to the statistics of this national latitude and longitude survey, there are 64 1 latitude and longitude points in China (Tibet figures are not counted). In ten years, the control and mapping tasks in a wide range of about 80 ~ 135 east longitude and 0/8 ~ 6 north latitude1north latitude have been completed. This is unprecedented in the history of China and even the world.

There are three different versions of Kangxi Yu Lan Tu.

One is the panoramic print of the Forbidden City. It was carved in the fifty-sixth year of Kangxi, with the general plan 1 and 28 provincial and district maps, but lacking all Tibet and West Mongolia. When it was printed for the second time in the 60th year of Kangxi (172 1), the general map already included Tibet and western Mongolia, and the number of provincial and regional maps increased to 32. The overall planning covers Sakhalin Island in the east, Hainan Island in the south, Lake Baikal in the north and Yeleken in Aksu in the west. There is a latitude and longitude network on the map, starting from the meridian passing through Beijing. This map is rare. The Palace Museum in Beijing has the general plan printed twice by Kangxi in 56 and 60 years. Provincial maps and regional maps vary in size, and each map is drawn with latitude and longitude lines. The First Historical Archives has maps of 30 provinces and regions.

The second is the printed version of the bronze version of Panorama of the Forbidden City. It was printed in the 58th year of Kangxi (17 19). The whole map starts at 29 east longitude (starting from the meridian passing through Beijing), ends at 40 west longitude, starts at18 north latitude and ends at 61north latitude, showing a trapezoidal grid of longitude and latitude, and the longitude and latitude differences are1respectively. The scale is about 1: 1.4 million. There are eight lines on this map with a latitude difference of 5, and each line is divided into several maps, totaling 4 1 map. Its place names are marked in Chinese characters in all provinces inside the customs, and the places outside the customs are filled in Chinese characters, so it is called the combination of Chinese and Manchu. 192 1 year, 4 1 bronze plates were found in Shenyang Imperial Palace, which were later reprinted and bound by Jin Liang, and the title was "The Secret Map of Land Clearing", with a folio of 52.5 cm ×77 cm. The length and width of each painting are 40 cm ×67 cm. There are 4 1 picture, which can be combined into a complete map of China.

The third is Kangxi's Full Picture of the Jade Emperor. Appeared in the last years of Kangxi. In order to meet the needs of administrative management, the provincial map was carefully compiled by the Qing government from the Imperial Map. There are 227 pictures. The notes are all in Chinese characters. Compared with the previous two versions, this version of the map only contains mainland provinces and has no border areas. The map does not draw latitude and longitude, but it contains many small place names. In the 23rd year of the Republic of China (1934), the northern civil society reprinted the map and named it Neifu Map, including 222 maps. It is said: "This painting has been awarded to a palace in Zhu Qing. No publication date, regardless of the precision of its drawing and the accuracy of its position, is above the inner government copper plate. "

In a word, Panorama of the Imperial Capital is a great achievement made by Emperor Kangxi who spent more than 30 years of his life leading and organizing national surveying and mapping, and it is also the largest surveying and mapping in the world with good accuracy. The determination of national control points and the production of "Imperial Panorama" have changed the decline of surveying and mapping in China since the Ming Dynasty, and the surveying and mapping technology has been at the forefront of the world. The general trend of the world is well known and the territory is everywhere. Is it the land of kings, and when the country is strong, it is called East Asia? Surveying and mapping results are not only in China, but also in Western Europe, with far-reaching influence. References:

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