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Historical Problems of Trams in Dalian
1909 On September 25th, following Tianjin (1906) and Shanghai (1908), the third tram system in China and the first tram system in Northeast China were born, accompanied by the "crash" sound when the trams were running. Dalian's urban public transport system has since opened the curtain of history, and its trajectory almost coincides with the development history of the city, which has become the driving force for the formation of Dalian's early urban form.

1899, Dalian opened a port to build a city. In order to consolidate the rule of Nanman, the Japanese who won the Russo-Japanese War, Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. implemented a large-scale plan to build an urban "electric railway". After the first tram with a total length of 2.45 kilometers from Relay Park (now Yujing Mall) to Da Zhanqiao (now wharf), in 30 years, Dalian opened 10 tram lines, with a total length of about 32.7 kilometers and more than 100 vehicles, forming a relatively complete tram network and becoming the most important urban transportation tool at that time.

In the memory of Dalian people over 80 years old, trams and red cars are different. The white car is clean and comfortable, and most of the passengers are Japanese. Chinese workers living at the bottom of society are not allowed to get on such a "good car" and can only take a "broken car" with a red card. At one time, the old Dalian people called this novel monster brought by the Japanese "American wooden cage", because the first batch of 37 trams on the streets of Dalian were made in the United States, and their bodies were made of wood, but in fact, their chassis was made in Britain, and the electrical parts were made in Germany. This tram, patched together by the technology of the Three Kingdoms, was once used by the Japanese for colonial rule. Chen Yulan, an 80-year-old man, told the author: "Before liberation, besides trams, there were two-wheeled' Oriental cars' and a carriage that could take three or four people, but the latter two were more expensive and could not be taken by ordinary people."

1945, Japanese cries came from loudspeakers in the streets of Dalian, and they surrendered. With the departure of the Japanese, the trams in Dalian are paralyzed: there are only three lines left, and only 10 of the more than 100 cars can barely work. But the defeated Japanese did not expect that the tram they brought had already forged a deep love with Dalian people. Cruel destruction not only failed to cut off this love, but ignited a stronger enthusiasm for reconstruction. In the next 30 years, the tram in Dalian ushered in the peak of its development history.

On April 1946 and 1, the government took over Dalian Metropolitan Transportation Agency from the Japanese and changed its name to Dalian Transportation Company, and the tram was completely transformed. At that time, stepping up the repair of trams and resuming operation became the primary task of Dalian Transportation Company. By 1949, there are 6 tram lines in Dalian with a total of 105 vehicles, and the daily passenger traffic exceeds 65,438+10,000.

Before 1949, the tram factory of Dalian Communication Company could only repair trams. Its predecessor was the tram repair shop of Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. built in 1909. This workshop covering an area of about 7,000 square meters can only afford the maintenance and assembly of trams. After the founding of New China, the Japanese construction method of "takenism" was miraculously created by the wise Dalian people. Through the joint efforts of tram workers and engineers and technicians, the first self-produced tram in China was finally developed.

195 1 National Day, Dalian Tram Factory manufactured the first new tram in New China 1000, which presented an epoch-making gift to the young republic. The tram workers in Dalian sent a congratulatory message to Chairman Mao with great excitement. Since then, the history of new China trams has turned a new page, and Dalian people who are constantly striving for self-improvement have written a glorious stroke for this.

The fifties and sixties of the 20th century was the peak period of tram development in Dalian. At most, there are 1 1 lines with a total length of 48.9 kilometers, 44 vehicles/kloc-0, more than 5,000 employees and an average daily passenger traffic of 453,300. Trams became the main means of transportation for citizens at that time.

In 1970s, Dalian began to dismantle tram lines on a large scale, and the trams that once dominated the streets were challenged by the times. With the increase of population and the development of bus passenger transport, the pressure of urban traffic becomes greater, but the pace of the times is faster. Trams, which have always been stable and loyal, have been provoked by people because they have not kept up with the requirements of the times: the speed is too slow, there are too many roads and the noise is too loud. The role of trams in urban traffic has gradually become inferior. Therefore, many cities canceled the tram system, and Dalian also demolished some lines. By 1977, Dalian has reserved three tram lines. These three lines are connected end to end, running through the whole city center from east to west, with a total length of 15km. Later history has proved that this is a wise reservation, which not only respects the past of the old Dalian people, but also lays the foundation for the future of the new generation of Dalian people.

Years have changed, and now the tram is surrounded by high-rise buildings and traffic, but the tram is still there. It has simply become a flowing sculpture, silent, but full of historical beauty and vicissitudes.

Centennial relics show unique value.

The appearance of trams is the result of modern industrial civilization. This is a bus powered by DC catenary and driven by traction motor. Trams are divided into rail and trackless. Trams use rails to bear the weight of the car body, because the previous carriages were converted from train carriages, so the rails are also very thick, which is called heavy rails. Later, the bogie and braking device were improved to reduce the weight of the car body, and the heavy rail was changed into light rail, which is now the rail of the tram. The motor of the tram has stepless speed change function, so there is no gearbox and gear on the tram. As long as the current is increased, the speed can be improved, but the general speed is 15 km/h. The speed of the car shop is sometimes even slower than that of the bicycle, but this is also the lovely thing about the tram, which makes pedestrians fearless in front of it and know that the tram is behind them and swaggering through it. Therefore, people who take the tram should be people who are not in a hurry and are in the mood to enjoy the scenery outside the window.

Some people think that the tram is a heavy and backward means of transportation, which is a misunderstanding.

As far as passenger capacity is concerned, trams make almost all ground transportation except subway give up. But the biggest advantage of tram is that it is a zero-emission energy-saving and environment-friendly vehicle, because it is driven by electricity, the vehicle does not emit any waste gas and wastewater, and the damage to the road surface is also very low. At the same time, the tram has another advantage: there is almost no traffic jam, its dedicated track is in the middle of the road, and other motor vehicles are on both sides of it, which does not affect each other.

Tram is a practical and cheap choice for medium-sized cities. Because there is no need to dig tunnels underground, the investment required for the 1 km tram line is only one third of that of the 1 km underground railway. Compared with other road vehicles, trams can reduce the traffic accident rate more effectively. Because the motor of the tram body is braked by reverse current and started by forward current, the tram runs smoothly.

At present, 3000 trams running on Dalian No.203 Road are all made by Japanese railway vehicle manufacturers from 1935 to 1938, which is one of the oldest trams still in service in the world. Type 3000 tramcar occupies an important position in the development history of tramcar technology and is the representative of the first generation of tramcars in the world.

Among the few cities in the world that still retain this "antique" ......