The Warring States Period is a work of national history.
It mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists in the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang compiled thirty-three articles, the topics of which were also drawn up by Liu Xiang.
Ceng Gong made up for the deficiency in the Song Dynasty. There was a high lure note in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which is incomplete today.
Song Baobiao changed the order of the original book and made new notes. As a proofreading note, Wu Yuan's book has a supplementary note for the present, and a new note for the Warring States policy for the present.
The Warring States Policy is a famous historical work in ancient China. Among them, the struggle between snakes and clams is recorded in the primary school textbook, which is a national history book.
The book was compiled in the order of Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin State, Qi State, Chu State, Zhao State, Wei State, South Korea, Yan State, Song State, Wei State and Zhongshan State, with a total of 12, 33 volumes and 497 articles. The recorded history is about1.2000 words, from 490 years before Zhi Bo's defeat to the attack on Qin Shihuang in 22 1 year before Gao Jianli.
It is one of the most accomplished and influential historical prose works in the pre-Qin period. "The Warring States Policy" is the most complete book that records the political struggle in ancient China during the Warring States Period.
In fact, it was a compilation of speeches made by lobbyists at that time. At that time, the changes in the situation of the seven countries, the reunification of Lian Heng, the protracted war and the change of political power were all related to the advice of counselors and the debate of wise men, so they had important historical value. This book has beautiful words, vivid language, witty eloquence and vivid characters, and also occupies an important position in the history of China classical literature.
"Warring States Policy" is good at discussion and narration, and is good at describing characters. It is fluent and vivid, and occupies an important position in China's prose poems. Fables are often used to explain the truth. Well-known fables include "Painting a Snake to Add Foot", "A Sheep Dies to Fill a Pit", "A Rabbit in Three Caves" and "Trying to Be a Tiger" by the author of Warring States Policy. So far, the names of the original National Policy, State Affairs, short stories, novels and revised books have not been determined.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country.
Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "Warring States Policy".
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it. During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting.
There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
2. Understand the relevant knowledge of the Warring States policy.
The Warring States Policy is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, which is famous for being good at telling things. It is a book on national history, which contains miscellaneous notes of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, North Korea, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. A total of 33 volumes, about 6.5438+200,000 words. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it was about 240 years (460-220 BC).
The Warring States Policy also has the names of state affairs, national policies, stories, short stories, long volumes and revised editions. The original author's name cannot be verified.
At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete. So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "The Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it.
The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States.
The characters recorded in the Warring States Policy are very complicated, including Su Qin and other strategists. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian, Tang Ju and Yan; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. These characters are vivid and vividly portrayed.
The article "Warring States Policy" is good at saying things. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, they vividly describe the characters, are good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhance the appeal of the article through interesting fables.
During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Volume 33 of this edition * * *: Eastern Zhou Policy 1, Western Zhou Policy 1, Qin Policy 5, Qi Policy 6, Chu Policy 4, Wei Policy 4, Han Policy 3, Yan Policy 3, Policy 1 * * 497.
The book Warring States Policy has a great influence on the formation of Sima Qian's biographical style of Historical Records. The Warring States Policy has always been praised by researchers for its literary value, but there are different opinions on its thoughts. This is because the book is inconsistent with later Confucianism and pursues fame and fortune too much. Moreover, it exaggerates the historical role of strategists and reduces their historical value.
3. What is the Warring States policy?
Compilation of military strategists' speeches and contingency stories from Warring States to Qin and Han Dynasties.
Not for a while, not for a hand. During the Warring States period, there were researchers specializing in diplomatic strategy. They discussed how to make use of people's psychology and use the skills of vertical and horizontal cooperation to make a Covenant with the country, isolate and attack the enemy country, and were called strategists in history.
They attach great importance to the art of speaking. In order to learn from each other and talk about the skills that move you, they should constantly collect materials, store them for later use, and sometimes draw them up for practice themselves. Thus came the Warring States Policy.
The contingency stories in the Warring States Policy can be roughly divided into two categories. One kind is early works, written not far from the time of the incident. Rhetoric is generally in line with historical facts, and historical materials are of high value. Many short stories in the Warring States Policy belong to this category.
However, due to different rumors, it is inevitable that the same thing will sometimes differ. The other kind is the later draft, the author is quite at a loss about historical events, many of which are metaphorical and fictional. It is difficult to talk about the situation, and it is difficult to distinguish things when talking about geography. Most of the long speeches in the Warring States Policy belong to this category.
Sima Qian said: "There are many different things in Su and Qin Dynasties, and people with different current affairs are all attached to Su Qin." Other people's deeds have a similar situation.
Hanshu? Records of Arts and Literature * * recorded 12 military strategists and 207 articles. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiangfeng, a doctor of Guanglu, asked for a collating book, and saw six kinds of manuscripts in the Royal Library, which recorded the remarks of military strategists, with complicated contents, disordered arrangement and incomplete words.
They have several different names, such as national policy (not the current version of the Warring States policy), national events, short stories, long stories and revised versions. According to his country, Liu Xiang spent a little time compiling 33 chapters of the Warring States Policy.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was induced to annotate this book. The Sui Dynasty was incomplete, and there are only ten articles left today.
In addition to what Liu Xiang saw, there were many stories of military strategists circulating among the people at that time. 1973-65438+In February, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, including a book similar to the Warring States Policy, which was named "Letter from the Warring States" by the organizer.
This silk book has ***27 chapters, of which 1 1 is found in Historical Records of the Warring States Policy, and the rest 16 is a lost book. Since Qin Shihuang's burning of books focused on the history books of various countries, the Warring States policy provided indispensable information for later historians, and Sima Qian once recorded more than 90 of them in the history books.
Moreover, most of the collections in Warring States Policy are excellent essays, which have a far-reaching influence on later literature. The Warring States Policy was quite lost in circulation. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, eleven articles were lost, and it was not until Ceng Gong visited the scholar-bureaucrat's house that thirty-three articles were added.
According to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Qi Dynasty, Chu Dynasty, Zhao Dynasty, Wei Dynasty, Han Dynasty, Yan Dynasty, Sun Yat-sen Kingdom and Foreign Countries, * * * 33 articles, 460 chapters and 497 chapters. The historical events he recorded began in 490 BC, when Zhi Bo defeated Fan and the Bank of China (barbarians), and ended in 2265438 BC, when Qin Shihuang unified China and Gao Jianli attacked Qin Shihuang (Yan Cesan), which reflected the important political, military and diplomatic activities in these 270 years.
1900, Sven Hedin, a Swede, found a piece of the written version of the Warring States policy no later than the Wei and Jin Dynasties at the Guloulan site in Xinjiang. Its content is the same as the end of the first chapter and the beginning of the second chapter of Yao Hongben's Yan Ce. Visible, the current version, generally retained the original appearance compiled by Liu Xiang. There are roughly two versions of the Warring States Policy.
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Yao Hong, a scholar of Shanshui (now Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province), collated this book. He was cautious and loyal to the original work. His book was written in Shaoxing Bingyin (1 146), and soon there was a block print. This book was copied by Huang Pilie in Qing Dynasty and included in the series of Shiliju, which was widely circulated. Now it is commonly known as Yao Ben, including Gaoyou's remnant notes in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Yao Hong's continued notes.
At the same time as Yao Hong, Jinyun (now Zhejiang Jinyun) Bao Biao also annotated the Warring States policy. Bao changed the original text and edited it again, which was ridiculed by many people in later generations.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Wu Shidao wrote Notes on the Warring States Policy, which made corrections to Bao's notes, dispelled doubts, and even made it convenient for readers. The first edition of the four editions copied Wu Shu's engraving in the 15th year of Yuan Zhizheng (1355), and there are many other reprints circulating.
This book is now commonly known as five packages. Since then, many Chinese and foreign scholars have studied the Warring States policy, or zero essays or masterpieces, and each has gained something.
Jin Zhiyou has a supplementary explanation of Warring States Policy, Zhu has an annotated collection of Warring States Policy, and Miao has a new collation of Warring States Policy. .
4. Understand the relevant knowledge of the Warring States policy.
The Warring States Policy is a historical document in the pre-Qin period, which is famous for being good at telling things. It is a book on national history, which contains miscellaneous notes of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties and the affairs of Qin, Qi, Chu, Zhao, Wei, North Korea, Yan, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. A total of 33 volumes, about 6.5438+200,000 words.
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Six Kingdoms, it was about 240 years (460-220 BC). The Warring States Policy also has the names of state affairs, national policies, stories, short stories, long volumes and revised editions.
The original author's name cannot be verified. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of manuscripts of military strategists in the Royal Library when sorting out books, but the contents were confusing and the words were incomplete.
So Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Therefore, it is obvious that the Warring States Policy was not written by one person at a time, and Liu Xiang was only the reviser and editor of the Warring States Policy.
Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "The Warring States Policy", which is still in use today. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Warring States policy was quite lost, and Ceng Gong revised it.
The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States period, and shows the historical characteristics and social features of the Warring States period. This is an important book for studying the history of the Warring States. The characters recorded in the Warring States Policy are very complicated, including Su Qin and other strategists. There are just people, such as Lu Zhonglian, Tang Ju and Yan; Some brave people are not afraid of death, such as Jing Ke and Nie Zheng.
These characters are vivid and vividly portrayed. The article "Warring States Policy" is good at saying things. No matter the personal statement or the debate between the two sides, they all like to exaggerate, play incisively and vividly, speak freely and be very convincing. In addition, they vividly describe the characters, are good at using clever and vivid metaphors, and enhance the appeal of the article through interesting fables.
During the period of 1973, a number of silk books were unearthed from the No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, one of which was similar to the current edition of the Warring States Policy and was named after sorting. There are ***27 articles in this book, of which 1 1 is basically consistent with the current edition of Historical Records of Warring States Policy.
Volume 33 of this edition * * *: Eastern Zhou Policy 1, Western Zhou Policy 1, Qin Policy 5, Qi Policy 6, Chu Policy 4, Wei Policy 4, Han Policy 3, Yan Policy 3, Policy 1 * * 497. The book Warring States Policy has a great influence on the formation of Sima Qian's biographical style of Historical Records.
The Warring States Policy has always been praised by researchers for its literary value, but there are different opinions on its thoughts. This is because the book is inconsistent with later Confucianism and pursues fame and fortune too much.
Moreover, it exaggerates the historical role of strategists and reduces their historical value.