A Brief History of China is one of the representative works of Mr. Lv Simian's historiography. It is written in 1939 and divided into two volumes.
The first volume describes the development of socio-economic system, political system and cultural scholarship, including marriage, clan system, political power, class, property, official system, election, taxation, military system, criminal law, industry, currency, food, clothing, housing, transportation, education, Chinese, academics and religion. The second volume describes the changes of political history in historical order.
Question 2: What does "a brief history" mean? Give a brief introduction to history
Question 3: Briefly introduce the content of A Brief History of Mankind. Where do we come from? What road have we traveled? What's our destination? From prehistory to 2 1 century and then to the end of the universe, a brief history of mankind, our 3 million years (Chinese mainland Edition)!
Question 4: Brief introduction of the content of A Brief History of Space. Time and space are always with each of us. Nothing has a closer and more direct relationship with us than time and space. As soon as people are born, they immediately throw themselves into the arms of time and space. Since childhood, people have gradually understood the time and space of their existence, and each has infinite reverie about it. Without a basic understanding of time and space, it is impossible for human beings to know themselves and grasp themselves.
Question 5: Stephen, the author of My Brief History? William? Hawking was born in the 300th anniversary of Galileo's death,1942 65438+1October 8th. Physicist, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Cambridge University, UK, 1979―2009, served as Lucas Professor of Mathematics (now Lucas Professor of Mathematics Emeritus). Newton once held this position, which is one of the highest professorships in Britain. Hawking is one of the most outstanding physicists after Einstein and is known as the "king of the universe". Masterpiece 1988: A Brief History of Time 200 1: Universe in Shell 20 10: Grand Design 20 13: My Brief History.
Question 6: What is written in A Brief History of Time? A Brief History of Time mainly introduces what cosmology is and the latest development of cosmology. Because it is aimed at non-professional readers, in order not to scare them, only one mathematical formula is put throughout, which is the famous Einstein mass-energy equation: E = MC 2. The scientific progress of the last century is unparalleled. A Brief History of Time expounds some of the oldest questions in the most popular language, such as: * What is the universe like? This book doesn't give the answer to this question, because science can't guarantee that all questions have answers. Although we can't find a set of theories to explain the whole universe, we can divide the problem into many small pieces and invent many theories, each of which explains a limited scope and ignores other influences. This method has achieved great success, such as Newton's law of universal gravitation. As long as the mass of stars is known, their orbits can be accurately calculated, but whether there are intelligent creatures on the structure of stars can be completely ignored. Because of the success of this method, our understanding of the universe we live in has made a big step forward than that of the ancients. Now we know that the earth is just a planet revolving around the sun, the moon is our satellite, and we are all in the solar system. The solar system is just one of countless solar systems in the Milky Way. There are countless extragalactic galaxies outside the Milky Way. From this, we suddenly found the most important point: the universe is not arbitrary, it is restricted by certain laws. Therefore, the ultimate goal of science is to integrate all partial theories into a complete and unified theory, which can describe anything in the universe. The following problem is that this complete and unified theory must include ourselves, that is, it restricts our behavior. As a small part of this theory, do humans have the ability to understand the whole theory? In other words, it is impossible for human beings to find an ultimate conclusion, or they can only find a wrong conclusion. The problem discovered not long ago is also well explained: * Space and time and relativity Before Einstein, almost everyone thought that time and space were absolute. Einstein's theory of relativity tells people that there is no absolute thing, everything is relative. Let's consider a special case: suppose there is a universe in which there is nothing but nothing. For such a universe, time and space are meaningless because there is really no way to measure them. It can be seen that time and space are attached to "things" and exist. The greatest contribution of relativity is to tell people that light has speed, and nothing can exceed the speed of light. Because of this, different observers measure different times for the same thing. The simplest example is to observe distant planets through a telescope. Suppose a planet is unfortunately hit by a comet and destroyed after the big bang. At the same time, the emitted light reached the earth through 65.438+0 billion light years and was seen by an astronomer. For this astronomer, the event of planet destruction is happening, but in fact, as early as 65.438 billion years ago, this planet did not exist. Reference: Baidu knows
Question 7: A Brief History of Enterprises With the development of productive forces and the progress of society, enterprise forms are constantly developing and improving. The evolution of enterprises mainly goes through three stages: 1, and the workshop handicraft period refers to the period from family handicraft in feudal society to workshop handicraft in the early stage of capitalism. From16th century to17th century, the feudal social system in some western countries changed to the capitalist system, and the primitive accumulation of capitalism accelerated, depriving farmers of their land on a large scale, causing the cottage industry to collapse sharply and began to change to the capitalist workshop system. Workshop handicraft industry is the embryonic form of an enterprise. 2. During the period of factory system18th century, western countries launched industrial revolutions one after another, and the widespread adoption of large machines laid the foundation for the establishment of factory system. 177 1 year, Richard, England? Akelet (1732- 1792) founded the first cotton yarn factory in Croft. 19 The factory system in 1930s and 1940s was generally established in Britain, Germany and other countries. The main characteristics of the factory system are: large-scale centralized labor; Adopt large machines to improve production efficiency; Implement the employment system; The division of labor deepens and production moves towards socialization. 3. Modern enterprise period: From the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century, with the transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, the factory itself has undergone complex and profound changes. Constantly adopt new technologies to make production develop rapidly; With the continuous expansion of production scale and the intensification of competition, large monopoly enterprises have emerged; Separation of management right and ownership, forming a professional management class; A scientific management system has been generally established, and a series of scientific management theories have been formed, thus making enterprises mature and become modern enterprises. (1) It is divided into sole proprietorship enterprises, partnership enterprises and corporate enterprises according to the mode and responsibility of investors. Corporate enterprises are divided into limited liability companies and joint stock companies. (2) According to the different regions of investors, they are divided into domestic-funded enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and enterprises invested by Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businessmen. (3) According to the ownership structure, it can be divided into enterprises owned by the whole people, enterprises owned by collectives, private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises. (4) According to the responsibilities of shareholders to the company, it can be divided into unlimited liability companies, limited liability companies and joint stock limited companies. (5) According to the credit rating, it can be divided into joint ventures, associated companies and associated companies. (6) According to the type of company status, it can be divided into: parent company and subsidiary company. (7) According to the scale, it can be divided into super-large enterprises, large enterprises, medium-sized enterprises, small enterprises and micro enterprises. (8) According to economic sectors, it can be divided into agricultural enterprises, industrial enterprises and service enterprises. (9) According to the health level of the enterprise, it can be divided into: relatively healthy improvisational enterprises, military enterprises and resilience adjustment enterprises, as well as relatively unhealthy passive enterprising enterprises, intermittent progressive enterprises, over-expanded enterprises and over-managed enterprises. 1937, American economist R. H. Coase published the article "The Essence of Enterprise", which is considered as the beginning of discussing this issue. Before this, what is the nature of the enterprise itself is a problem neglected by traditional microeconomic theory. In the traditional microeconomic theory, the manufacturer's production process is regarded as a "black box", that is, the enterprise from input to output is abstracted as a "black box" that pursues profit maximization. On the nature of enterprises. Western economists have different views. There are also some arguments between them. Some western economists mainly analyze the nature of enterprises from the perspective of transaction costs emphasized by Coase. Any transaction can be regarded as a contract reached by both parties to the transaction. The so-called transaction cost can be regarded as the cost generated around the transaction contract. Coase and others believe that a transaction cost comes from the losses caused by accidental factors faced by both parties when signing a contract. These accidental factors were either not written into the contract because they could not be foreseen in advance, or were not written into the contract because there were too many factors although they could be foreseen. Another transaction cost is the cost of signing a contract and supervising the implementation of the contract. Some western economists believe that enterprises, as a form of production organization, are substitutes for the market to some extent. Two extreme situations can be envisaged. In extreme cases, every kind of production is done by one person, for example, one person makes a car. In this way, this person has to deal with many suppliers of intermediate products and also with demanders of his own products. In this case, all transactions are conducted among many individuals through the market. At the other extreme, all production in the economy is carried out in a large enterprise, such as a complete automobile manufacturing enterprise. & gt
Question 8: A Brief History of Taoism At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi regarded Taoism as the origin and universal law of the universe for the first time and became the founder of Taoism. Before Laozi, people only inferred the origin of everything to the sky, but did not touch whether the sky had an origin. When I arrived at Laozi, I began to infer the source of heaven and put forward a way. He believes that everything in the world is born of Tao. He said: "things are mixed, born, lonely, independent and unchanging, and can be the mother of the world." Don't know its name, the word cried. Call it big, call it big, call it dead, call it far, call it far, call it strong. " (Chapter 25 of Laozi) There have always been different interpretations of what Laozi said. Some people think that Tao is the spiritual noumenon and the highest principle that exists independently of material entities, and claim that Laozi's Tao theory is objective idealism. Others think that Tao is an inseparable unity of chaos in the primitive state of the universe, and claim that Laozi's theory of Tao is materialism. Laozi believes that the process of Tao generating all things in the world is: "Tao gives birth to one, two, three and all things" (Chapter 42). After the Tao generates all things, it is contained in the universe itself as the basis of the existence of all things in the universe. Tao is universal, all-encompassing and all-encompassing. Although Tao exists in the universe, it is different from tangible things that can be felt. It is invisible, deaf and irresistible, and it is what constitutes the common essence of all things in heaven and earth. Therefore, "Tao" exists outside people's language, pictures and texts, and the mind can perceive it, but it cannot express and illustrate it. Sensory organs are unrecognizable and difficult to express in ordinary words. It can only be explained approximately by metaphor and description. For the unification of the world, Lao Tzu made a genius speculation and description. Laozi's Taoist theory has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Some people say that "the Tao gives birth to one, and the whole life gives birth to two", which means that the primitive qi is produced in an unknown place, and this source is divided into yin and yang. In this case, the Tao is nothingness, that is, no one knows it and no one can determine it, that is, the unknown is mysterious. Because of the unknown characteristics of Tao, the more you draw conclusions about Tao, the more wrong you are. When "Tao" refers to the unknown, the sentence "Tao gives birth to one and gives birth to two" is often considered as "one" refers to the source, and this "source" is considered by many people as a known, explainable and qualitative "Tao". The Tao referred to by this "one" has become the theory of Yin and Yang Taoism, which is one of many Taoist theories. Fan Li, who is slightly behind Laozi, thinks that heaven is the law of development and change of things. He believes that personnel must be "in harmony with yin and yang and conform to the nature of heaven and earth", and violation of objective laws will inevitably lead to disaster. Madam, things must be related to heaven and earth, and then you can succeed. By "Heaven", he mainly refers to the contradictory movement law of Yang to Yin, Yin to Yang, surplus to contraction, and endless conflicts. Take the initiative to retreat when the weather is unfavorable to you, and take the initiative to attack when the weather is favorable. Influenced by Laozi's Taoist theory, Fan Li said that "the sky is full but not overflowing, prosperous but not arrogant, and you don't reward your work" (Mandarin? Vietnamese "). He advocated timely and positive progress, and criticized and revised Laozi's thought of respecting women. During the Warring States Period, the Taoist family in Xia Ji, Qi explained the Tao with "essence", and regarded the empty and invisible Tao as "essence" flowing between heaven and earth and existing in all things. He said: "Where there is a way, there is no glory without roots, stems and leaves. Everything is born, everything is achieved, and life is said. ..... the essence is also the essence of qi. Airway is life. " ("pipe? In the industry, Laozi once described it as "rushing" and said that "there is essence in it". Xia Ji's Taoism further developed Laozi's thought from the perspective of materialism, and expressed Taoism as the ubiquitous essence of life. The theory of essence and qi had a great influence on the later development of traditional Chinese medicine. However, it endows the essence with spirituality, a tendency of mystification and idealism. Zhuangzi was a representative of Taoist school in the middle and late Warring States Period. He believes that Tao is the ultimate source of the world, an all-encompassing, all-encompassing and eternal universe, and denies any master who transcends Tao. He also believes that it is impossible to put forward a clear stipulation on Tao, that is, "the name of Tao is not correct" and "it is clear but not Tao". Even if it is named Tao, it is "vain". Therefore, it can only be said that "the husband and the Tao are affectionate and credible, and inaction is invisible; Transmissible but unacceptable, accessible but invisible; Since its roots, there is no heaven and earth, and there have been ghosts and gods since ancient times; Before Tai Chi, it was not high, under the six poles, not deep, born, not long, longer than ancient, not old "("Tai Shang Lao Jun "). For Zhuangzi's Tao, some people in the current academic circles think that it is the absolute spirit of independence and transcending time and space, and put Zhuang > >
Question 9: What have I learned from A Brief History of Mankind? "A Brief History of Mankind" is about the whole human history, so it has been extended to millions of years ago, and then it has been talked about modern times. At the end of the book is the possible future of mankind, and the last part gives people the most shocking feeling. The author talks about the evolution of ancient creatures, agricultural revolution, imperialism and capitalism, tells the history one by one, and adds his own perspective to analyze and decompose it at different stages of human development, which can give people a refreshing feeling in many aspects. Of course, when we read history, the most important thing is not to understand those historical events and see the splendor of history, but to see what inspiration and thinking history has given us. History cannot be changed, but the thinking value given by history can inspire us and give us a chance to create a better world. So what did this book bring you? Here are some inspirations after reading it:
1, after millions of years of evolution, human beings have gradually become modern homo sapiens. Although we are now the tallest species in the whole biological chain, this does not mean that evolution is over. On the contrary, human beings may be evolving at a faster speed, and the speed of evolution is likely to be nonlinear (faster and faster). Imagine that human beings have been in the middle of the food chain for most of the hundreds of years of evolution. About 654.38 million years ago, Homo sapiens really appeared. About 70 thousand years ago, with the explosion of homo sapiens' cognitive level, human beings stood at the top of the food chain for the first time. 12000, mankind had an agricultural revolution, while the scientific revolution and the industrial revolution lasted for nearly several hundred years. It can be seen that human evolution is accelerating, and there may be a singularity 70 thousand years ago. Since then, human beings. But we must realize that we are still in the process of evolution, and our brains, bodies and minds are similar to those of primitive animals. Because of this, in modern society, many cognitive biases and fallacies of human beings have caused many modern problems, Daniel? Kahneman's book gives a lot of good descriptions of this. In the future, human beings will continue to evolve, and we also need to realize our limitations and cognitive biases, so as to better adapt to modern society.
There are many accidental factors in the development of history. Humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor, and unexpected mutations in genes led to the birth of a new species millions of years ago. Christianity has become one of the three major religions in the world, and it has its own contingency. The Roman emperor stumbled upon this small Sect, which was unknown at that time, and found that the country could be better ruled through religion. Therefore, with the strong support of the Roman Empire, Christianity became a major sect in the world. The development of modern scientific and technological revolution is full of contingency, and many scientific and technological inventions are accidental factors leading to new discoveries.
3. Every era has its ideological limitations. In ancient times, due to the limited understanding of nature, people believed in various gods and explained various phenomena of nature through them. After the agricultural revolution, due to the great increase in food supply, some people began to engage in some more advanced jobs (such as teaching and professional soldiers). Therefore, during this period, philosophy, politics, art and other ideological cultures have made great progress, but we can see that there are still limitations of the times, such as Confucianism's emphasis on monarchy and patriarchy. For example, from ancient times to the Middle Ages, the status of men and women has always been unequal, and it was not until modern times that there was equality between men and women and more women's rights. From16th century to19th century, western countries sold African blacks to America as slaves. These blacks were not treated as the same people, but as animals (just like we treat livestock now). But with the development of the times, people's ideas have changed greatly, and now the United States has the first black president (Obama) (just like we treat animals). The change of attitude towards homosexuality in modern society is also a good example. People gradually realize that homosexuality exists in human species and other biological species. This is a very natural phenomenon, which enables people to accept homosexuality with a more open and inclusive attitude. The United States has just declared gay marriage legal some time ago. In the future, people will treat those who we think are wrong now with a more developed and inclusive attitude ... >>
Question 10: What does a brief history mean? A brief history is a brief history of China.
A Brief History of China is one of the representative works of Mr. Lv Simian's historiography. It is written in 1939 and divided into two volumes.
The first volume describes the development of socio-economic system, political system and cultural scholarship, including marriage, clan system, political power, class, property, official system, election, taxation, military system, criminal law, industry, currency, food, clothing, housing, transportation, education, Chinese, academics and religion. The second volume describes the changes of political history in historical order.