The first stage:1from the late 6th century to11930s, is the stage of cell discovery and cell knowledge accumulation. Through the observation of a large number of animals and plants, people gradually realize that different organisms are composed of various cells.
The second stage: 19 from the 1930s to the early 20th century, after the formation of cell theory, it opened up a new research field. The main feature of this period was to study the structure and function of cells at the micro level. The accumulation of knowledge of morphology, embryology and chromosome makes people realize the important role of cells in life activities. 1893 The publication of Hertzwig's monograph Zell and Jiwei marked the birth of cytology. Later, Cells in Development and Genetics edited by Wilson 1896 of Columbia University and Cytology edited by Agal 1920 of Melbourne University were the earliest textbooks in this field.
The third stage: in the 1930s and 1970s, after the appearance of electron microscope technology, cytology entered the third development period. In this short period of 40 years, not only the ultrastructure of cells was discovered, but also the functions of different structures such as cell membrane, mitochondria and chloroplast were recognized, which made cytology develop into cell biology. General Cytology, published by De Robertis et al. in 1924, was named Cell Biology in the fourth edition of 1965, which is one of the earliest textbooks of cell biology.
The fourth stage: From the emergence of gene recombination technology in the 1970s to the present, the combination of cell biology and molecular biology is getting closer and closer, and it is the main task to study the molecular structure of cells and its role in life activities. Gene regulation, signal transduction, tumor biology, cell differentiation and apoptosis are contemporary research hotspots. Without a microscope, cytology cannot be born.
Dutch glasses manufacturers Janssen and Janssen made the first compound microscope. Although its magnification is less than 10 times, it is of epoch-making significance.
2. 1665 robert hooke, an Englishman, observed the thin slices of cork (oak bark) with a microscope designed and manufactured by himself (the magnification is 40- 140 times), and described the structure of plant cells for the first time. For the first time, he used the word "cell" to refer to the tiny closed cells that he saw (actually only the fiber cell wall was observed).
3. 1672, 1682 British Nehemiah Gru published two volumes of microscopic photos of plants and noticed the difference between cell wall and cytoplasm in plant cells.
4. 1680 A. Dutch Van Leeuwenhoek became a member of the Royal Society and produced more than 200 microscopes and 500 lenses in his life (Figure 1-2). He was the first person to see living cells, and observed protozoa, human sperm, red blood cells of salmon, bacteria in tartar and so on.
5. 1752 achromatic microscope invented by British telescope businessman J. Dollond.
6. 18 12 Scottish D. Brewster invented the oil-immersed objective lens and improved the stereoscopic microscope.
7. 1886 Ernst Karl Abbe, a German, invented the apodization microscope and improved the oil-immersed objective lens. So far, the common optical microscope technology is basically mature.
8. 1932 Germans M. Knoll and E. A. F. Ruska described an initial electron microscope. 1940, the United States and Germany manufactured a commercial electron microscope with a resolution of 0.2nm.
9. 1932 F. Zernike, a Dutch German, successfully designed the phase contrast microscope and won the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physics.
10. 198 1 Swiss G. Binnig and H. RoherI invented the scanning tunneling microscope at the Zurich research center of BM, and together with Ruska, the inventor of the electron microscope, they won the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics.