As we all know, the Qin Dynasty was the Warring States period before the unification of the six countries. During the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, the seven heroes in the Warring States Period and the feudal lords' hegemony, they all had their own countries and inherited cultures, such as Zhao, Chu and Qi.
After that, Qin unified the six countries, explored the southwest, conquered the south and established a multi-ethnic unified dynasty? Qin dynasty. At this time, we need to pay attention to that, at the same time, multi-ethnic groups also annexed the territories of the six countries, as well as the descendants and other ethnic minorities who ruled the six countries. But before, countries lived their own lives and had their own cultures and systems.
Then Qin annexed six countries and established the Qin Dynasty. It not only absorbed the descendants and territories of the six countries, but also absorbed their cultures, thoughts and personalities. At this time, the culture, thought and harmony of the Qin Dynasty are a hodgepodge, which needs transition and integration. Otherwise, the people of all countries are still clearly divided.
Qin Shihuang did a series of well-known measures. For example, in the political structure, he abolished the enfeoffment system and implemented the county system nationwide. Culturally, unified writing, official writing with Xiao Zhuan as the standard; In the economic field, unified currency, unified measurement, etc.
Why should these measures be implemented? For the sake of national unity, some measures can be controlled and changed through strong ethnic violence, but some things are difficult to change or take a long time even through violence. For example, cultural thoughts. In the early Qin Dynasty, just after the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and the ideological field was extremely chaotic, which could not be changed by simple violence.
However, if a country wants to achieve reunification to a large extent, the most important condition is the extent to which it can form the same values, and ideological chaos is the enemy of the same values. It is unacceptable for cultures of various countries and schools to contend. It is difficult to achieve perfect unification.
It is not enough to have unified measures in politics, economy and culture. The most crucial and long-term unification factor is the unification of ideas and the formation of unified core values, so that the unification measures in politics, economy and culture can be effective. But the thought at that time was not dominant.
We also know that the Qin Dynasty began with Legalism, and the measures of severe punishment in Qin State are also deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. It is a classic example represented by legalists. However, when the Qin Dynasty was founded, there was still a very popular Confucian trend of thought. However, the Qin Dynasty respected Legalists. To unify our thinking, we must respect one family. As the saying goes: when two tigers fight, there must be a wound? If Qin wants to respect Legalists, it is necessary to carry out Legalists' thoughts and unify Qin people's thoughts, which is the key measure to maintain great unity.
After Qin Shihuang found several Confucian scholars, a cultural movement of unifying thoughts began. The method is a bit fierce, but the objective effect is obvious, which not only maintains the rule of the Qin Dynasty, but also strengthens the ideological control.
Some people might say? Burning books and burying Confucianism? It was wrong, it stifled people's thoughts at that time, it was cruel and cruel. So in some people's minds, Qin Shihuang became the image of a tyrant. In fact, some people may have heard of it and don't know the truth. Many people put it? Burning books and burying Confucianism? As one thing, actually? Burning books? And then what? Pit Confucianism? They are two different things. They have different backgrounds and different natures.
First of all? Burning books? In fact, the Qin Dynasty carried out a series of reforms after unifying the six countries, and exclusive respect for the legal system was one of the measures. However, some people who flaunt private schools collude with each other and oppose the laws and decrees of the state. Based on one's own thoughts, commenting on it will directly affect the implementation of Qin Shihuang's reform decree.
After that, a war broke out in the ideological field, and the Confucian retro school attacked the county system promoted by Qin Shihuang at a meeting. Qin Shihuang knew about it and then held a meeting to discuss it. At that time, prime minister Reese stood up and said:
Learn from the past instead of the present? ,? Did Gu Dao get hurt today?
It shows that this is disturbing people's hearts. If this behavior is not prohibited, unity may be destroyed.
Then Reese suggested:
If you are not a doctoral officer, anyone who dares to hide "poems", "books" and hundreds of languages in the world will be aware of it and keep it. Those who dare to talk about "poetry" and "books" will abandon the market; People, nations and officials who regard the past as something different from the present are all guilty of the same crime; If it doesn't burn for the next 30 days, it will be a city. I won't go: books on medicine, divination and tree planting. If you want to study law, you should take an official as your teacher.
Qin Shihuang adopted Lisi's suggestion, and then began to burn books to bury Confucianism and implement feudal cultural autocracy. so this is it？ Burning books? Events.
But the book burning was put forward by Prime Minister Reese, Reese? Burning books? Have selfishness. Li Si is a follower of Confucianism, while Qin worships Legalism, which Confucianism can't eat. After Li Si came to power in Qin Dynasty, he abandoned Confucianism, and Confucianism became a stumbling block to Li Si, just passing away? Burning books? Completely eliminate Confucianism.
Besides, Qin Shihuang didn't burn all the books in the world, the books collected by officials and the books contended by a hundred schools of thought, so why didn't the books come down? This is because Xi Chu overlord invaded Xianyang, and when the palace building was burned down, so were the books. The culprit is not Qin Shihuang.
What's next? Pit Confucianism? After Qin Shihuang accepted the suggestion of Prime Minister Lisi, he began to practice feudal cultural autocracy and burned some books, which caused the Confucian scholars to be more dissatisfied with Qin Shihuang. Later, Confucianism and some aspects talked about state affairs. Why are there alchemists? We also know that Qin Shihuang wanted to live forever, so he always sent people to do these things. These people are alchemists. What you get is a great achievement, and if you don't get it, you die.
Then these alchemists were afraid of being punished, so they took the attack as the defense and joined some Confucian scholars to publicize everywhere, saying that Qin Shihuang? Just for personal use? 、? Full-time jailer? ,? Take punishment as a threat? ,? Greed for power? You shouldn't ask for an elixir for him.
After this incident, Qin Shihuang knew, and everyone said that this was not a death wish. Qin Shihuang wants to live forever. Aren't these alchemists? Toilet lighting? Want to die? ? After that, they arrested these people and interrogated them. How do these people resist torture?
Finally, they all admitted to violating the ban (i.e.? Even the words "poem" and "book"? ,? Take the past as the present? And so on) turned to tell, this matter involved more than 460 people, and then Qin Shihuang raped them in Xianyang. so this is it？ Pit Confucianism? .
This shows that you want to die, speak ill of the emperor, spread it widely, and who will be killed if you don't kill you! People have to keep a low profile under the eaves! Compared with killing 200,000 soldiers in Tian Lei, killing this man is a piece of cake. Compared with the misdemeanor of the Qin dynasty, it is much better to use heavy punishment, but it is only buried alive.
In the Qin Dynasty, the torture was the lightest, such as abandoning the city (killing it and abandoning it in downtown), slaughtering (using painful and embarrassing humiliating punishment before beheading), dismembering, cutting off the waist, splitting the car, clan punishment, and five punishments (almost adult sticks). Confucian scholars among them will not speak ill of Qin Shihuang, nor will they be framed and killed.
Why? Burning books and burying Confucianism? It became a big stain on Qin Shihuang, presumably because of the later Han Dynasty? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? The reason, coupled with the subsequent dynasties will also have a certain smear on the former dynasty, otherwise how can we stand on our own feet? To discredit the former dynasty means that we are good to some extent.
Although the unified Qin dynasty only lasted for more than ten years, the rulers after the Qin dynasty regarded the idea of unified rule as the key means to maintain their rule. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed a hundred schools, and Confucianism was the best synonym. After that, China's unified thought was formally formed. There is nothing wrong with unifying thoughts. See what measures.
Is everyone okay? Burning books? Pit Confucianism? What do you think of this incident? Leave a message below to talk about your views and opinions.
Text/History Mozi Museum
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