New Curriculum Standard High School History Compulsory 3 Books After Class Answers
Lesson 65438
◆ Reading and thinking
First, Confucianism takes "benevolence" as the core, takes the golden mean as the thinking method, attaches importance to blood relationship, reproduces the merits of the world, and attaches importance to practical reason and moral cultivation. Second, in the view of history, it takes defending the cultural relics of three generations of laws and regulations as its sacred mission, and at the same time, it does not rule out making appropriate amendments to the laws and regulations that do not conform to the trend of the times. Third, it designed a set of plans to stabilize the country, which provided a practical way to consolidate the church-state system. Because of this, Confucianism has become the authentic traditional culture of China.
◆ Analysis and exploration
1. Confucius advocates giving priority to discussing and solving practical problems in the world and staying away from ghosts and gods.
2. The material 1 reflects that God understands people's suffering. This view of fate accords with people's ideas. Material 2 eliminates the absolute authority of "fate" personality god and advocates inaction. It reflects the negative and pessimistic attitude of the declining aristocrats towards the development of human society. Material 3 reflects that Confucius does not deny the existence of destiny ghosts and gods, but he is skeptical about the existence of ghosts and gods.
◆ Self-evaluation
The core of Confucius' ideological system is "benevolence" and "courtesy". The core explanation of Lu Zi's theory of "benevolence" is that "benevolent people love others", so the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness" should be followed. Confucius also advocated "ruling the country by virtue" and asked the rulers to cherish the people's strength. "Rite" means "self-denial".
2. Confucius' educational thoughts mainly include: the idea of "teaching without distinction" is conducive to expanding the scope of educated people; The teaching idea of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is conducive to adopting special methods to inspire and induce students according to their different characteristics; The combination of learning thought and learning thought of "knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing" is also of great significance. His educational thought has a far-reaching influence on later generations.
3. Laozi abstracted "Tao" and summarized it as the universal and all-encompassing highest philosophical concept. That is, "Tao" is the origin of all things in the world above the sky. "Heaven is Taoism, Taoism is natural", which eliminates the absolute authority of "destiny" personality God.
Lesson 2
◆ Reading and thinking
The emergence of "a hundred schools of thought contend" is not accidental, but has profound social reasons. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a society.
During the period of great change, the society is undergoing profound changes. This change involves economic, political and cultural aspects.
(1) Economically, the collapse of Jing Tian system and the development of feudal economy provided material conditions for the prosperity of academic culture.
(2) Politically, the royal family declined, the princes competed for hegemony, and the literati rose. Various forces express different views on the reality of social change and put forward various schemes to reform the disadvantages; In addition, the new ruling class has no absolute authority, so people's thoughts will not be bound and restricted by any rules and regulations, and they can speak freely.
(3) In terms of class relations, all vassal states wanted to be rich, annexed other countries and replaced Zhou's position, so they especially praised Corporal Xian. "The Scholars" also hopes to realize his political desire of governing the country and leveling the world with his own ideas.
(4) Cultural, economic and political changes have led to the downward movement of culture. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the decline of the royal family and the change of political situation, "learning in politics" has changed. Due to the rise of private schools and the downward shift of culture, a number of social forces with the purpose of spreading culture and developing academics have emerged, which is called "a hundred schools of thought contend".
◆ Analysis and exploration
The philosophical propositions discussed by Confucianism are mainly social, political and ethical. In the situation of great social unrest, trying to put forward the idea of stabilizing society and calming people's hearts has played a very important role in consolidating and continuing feudal rule and safeguarding national unity and stability; It meets the needs of rulers, so Confucianism has become a prominent school.
◆ Self-evaluation
1.( 1) Confucianism. The main representatives are Mencius and Xunzi. Mencius' thought is: "Benevolence" theory, respecting the king and despising the tyrant, "valuing the people and despising the monarch", saying that human nature is good and "cultivating noble spirit". Xunzi advocated "dividing people into tomorrow" and "controlling destiny and using it", and advocated "the theory of evil nature". He believed that Wang Ba should use both, but the king was the main one.
(2) Mohism. The representative figure is Mozi. Advocate universal love, non-aggression, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, death, respect for strength, frugality and funeral.
(3) Taoism. The main representative is Zhuangzi. He put forward the view that everything is essentially the same. On the outlook on life, Zhuangzi put forward a "carefree" attitude.
(4) Legalists. The main representative is Han Fei. Advocate the combination of law, technique and potential to establish a centralized monarchy; With the continuous development and change of society, history will never go backwards, and we advocate political reform and innovation.
(5) military strategist. The main representatives are Wu Qi and Sun Bin. Wu Qi has the strategic thought of paying equal attention to "morality" and "martial arts", and his military thought is reflected in Woods. Sun Bin emphasized the need to understand the laws of war, and his military thoughts were later studied and compiled into Sun Bin's The Art of War.
2. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "a hundred schools of thought contend" laid the foundation of China culture and had a very far-reaching impact on ancient China culture. In the process of "a hundred schools of thought contend", various schools heckled each other, refuted each other, absorbed and merged with each other, forming the traditional cultural system of China, and also forming the inclusive and open characteristics of China's ideological culture.
"A hundred schools of thought contend" was the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China, which greatly promoted the social and historical development at that time and later.
Lesson 3
◆ Analysis and exploration
In the early Han Dynasty, the economy was depressed and broken, and the rulers had to adopt the policy of recuperation, develop production and consolidate the ruling order, so Huang Lao thought of doing nothing. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the economy of the Han Dynasty recovered and developed, and there was a scene of prosperity. Only by strengthening centralization and solving many social problems can social contradictions be alleviated. Huang Lao's thought can no longer meet the needs of the new situation, and the ruling thought is bound to change.
◆ Self-evaluation
1.( 1) Huang Lao's thought emphasizes "doing nothing without doing anything" and advocates "adapting to the times" and "adapting to the current situation", which is a positive philosophy of inaction.
(2) In the early Western Han Dynasty, the thought of Huang Lao has always been the guiding ideology in politics and occupied a dominant position in society. The implementation of this policy restored and developed the social economy of the Western Han Dynasty, and by the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the society of the Western Han Dynasty quickly recovered its vitality.
2.( 1) In order to strengthen centralization, Dong Zhongshu put forward the idea of "unifying the Spring and Autumn Period" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"; In view of the need to strengthen monarchical power, this paper puts forward the political thought of "interaction between man and nature"
(2) "It is a great event in the history of China's political thought to oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone. Confucianism occupies a dominant position in politics, which is conducive to consolidating centralization and cracking down on local separatist forces. These measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty played a decisive role in the rise of Confucianism to the exclusive position. From then on, Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China feudal society, which lasted for two thousand years.
Lesson 4
◆ Reading and thinking
In the development of human society, material civilization and spiritual civilization are interdependent, influential and indispensable. Neo-Confucianism advocates the complete elimination of the pursuit of material interests, which is not conducive to the development of social production; Neo-Confucianism emphasizes the realization of ideal personality through moral consciousness, which strengthens the cultural character of the Chinese nation that pays attention to integrity, social responsibility and historical mission.
◆ Analysis and exploration
Shen Xiu means that only through long-term penance and elimination of distractions can we gradually become Buddhas. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism followed this thought. Huineng means that the Buddha is in his heart, not outside. As long as he meditates on since the enlightenment without penance, he can become a Buddha with an epiphany. Lu Wang's theory of mind follows this idea. It can be seen that Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties is related to Zen.
◆ Self-evaluation
1. Neo-Confucianism is a kind of Confucianism with "reason" or "heaven" as its core, which not only runs through the universe, nature and the fate of life, but also inherits the truth of Confucius and Mencius, and can govern the country. The background of its formation: 1. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism spread rapidly, and the development of Confucianism gradually appeared crisis. Second, the three religions absorbed and infiltrated each other in repeated refutations, especially in the Tang and Song Dynasties. In order to revive Confucianism and answer questions about people's world outlook in the atmosphere of "three religions in one", Confucian scholars in Tang and Song Dynasties kept thinking and exploring. The enrichment and renewal of the Confucian system are also deeply influenced by Buddhism and Taoism.
2. Same: Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism both acknowledged the existence of "Li" and were outstanding representatives of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. The essence of their thought is to restrain society, maintain autocratic rule and restrain people's natural desires with Confucian discipline.
Differences: First, the origins of the world are different. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism holds that "reason" is the origin of the world, while Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism holds that the heart is the origin of all things in the world; Second, there are different ways to understand things. Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism thought that we should grasp "reason" through the method of "learning from others", while Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism proposed "inventing the original mind" to seek reason.
Lesson Five
◆ Analysis and exploration
Tong: Everyone cares about people's sufferings.
Different: First, the purpose is different. People-oriented thought is to ease class contradictions and consolidate absolute monarchy; The democratic thoughts of Ming and Qing Dynasties advocated limiting the power of monarchies and criticizing autocratic monarchies. Second, there are differences of opinion. The democratic trend of thought in Ming and Qing dynasties put forward the theory and proposition of limiting monarchical power
Reasons: First, the people are the foundation of state rule; Second, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy developed further, the feudal system declined day by day, and the disadvantages of absolute monarchy became increasingly exposed.
◆ Self-evaluation
Ideological criticism in Ming and Qing Dynasties includes: opposing absolute ideological authority; Advocate the free development of personality; Advocate equality between men and women; Advocating social change is related to the national economy and people's livelihood; Put forward the idea of "business is fundamental"; Oppose the autocratic rule of feudal monarchs and expose the sins of autocratic monarchs; Pay attention to the cultural heritage of the whole nation and the people's living and working in peace and contentment; Put forward the theory and assumption of limiting monarchical power.
The significance of progress lies in: pointing the finger at feudal ethics and the whole orthodox thought, with distinct feudal rebellious color and fighting spirit; The idea of applying what you have learned and the method of erudite textual research initiated the academic research in Qing Dynasty, and the idea of basing on reality and applying what you have learned also provided an important source of thought for later generations. The monarch's critical consciousness has had a strong impact on the autocratic monarchy, which reflects the requirements of the embryonic era of capitalism in a certain sense and has the historical progress of emancipating the mind. In the following hundreds of years, it still has the function of enlightenment, giving profound enlightenment to future generations.
Lesson 6
◆ Reading and thinking
Agreed. In addition to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country, the high prosperity of farming economy, the support and organization of centralized countries, political stability, economic prosperity, smooth roads and other factors involved in textbooks, it should also include the role of individuals and the wisdom of working people.
◆ Analysis and exploration
Differences in scale and level: Zheng He's voyages to the West were earlier, bigger and higher than those to the West.
The purpose and nature are different: Zheng He's voyage to the West is a political act under the feudal system, and it is a tribute trade regardless of economic interests. The purpose is to publicize national prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and satisfy the ruling class's pursuit of exotic treasures; Western Airlines is to open up the market and reap huge profits, which has the nature of capitalist overseas colonization.
Differences in historical influence: Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted friendly exchanges with countries in West Asia, but tribute trade was not beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood; The voyage to the West has opened up a new stage for the emerging bourgeoisie, promoted the rapid development of capitalism and strengthened ties around the world.
◆ Self-evaluation
1. (reference textbook)
2. China made outstanding scientific and technological achievements in ancient times, far ahead of the world, made outstanding contributions to the development of world civilization, promoted the development of world science and technology culture, and played an important role in the European bourgeoisie's victory over feudalism and its transformation from a feudal society to a capitalist society.
Lesson 7
◆ Analysis and exploration
Xu Shen thought it was Cang Xie who created the characters. Kang Youwei thinks that knotting notes are exquisite and should be women; Ding Shan and Lu Xun believe that writing is the creation of the daily life of ancient working people. Before the establishment of modern philology, the theory about the origin of Chinese characters in Shuo Wen Jie Zi was undoubtedly the most authoritative.
◆ Self-evaluation
1. (reference textbook)
2. The social crisis in the late Han Dynasty was serious, and calligraphy focused on expressing the literati's pursuit of artistic conception, charm and ideal form; Sui and Tang dynasties were unified and prosperous, and calligraphy included both wild grass and regular script which focused on standardizing statutes. In the Song Dynasty, with the rise of the civil class, the social life was rich and colorful, and the art of calligraphy appeared in various forms, such as "four masters" and "thin gold style". It was impossible to pursue individuality regardless of statutes and advocate intentionality. In Ming Dynasty, society became more popular and secularized, and calligraphy put more emphasis on personalized creation. In the Qing Dynasty, when the world was getting worse, scholars were eager to take the exam and became "cabinet-style", elegant, beautiful and charming, attached to the disabled and lacked vitality.
Lesson 8
◆ Reading and thinking
This topic is an open topic. There is no standard answer. Screen design only needs to approach the feature that "literati painting is more important than artistic conception and realism, and implicitly entrusts the painter's thoughts and feelings".
Analysis and exploration:
Tips: First, it depicts the life of citizens in the city at that time; Second, it shows that the commercial activities in the city were relatively prosperous at that time.
◆ Self-evaluation
1.① Primitive society to Qin and Han Dynasties was the stage of the origin and initial development of China's painting; (2) Literati painting with outstanding personality began to form and develop in Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and a number of famous masterpieces appeared; ③ The rise of landscape painting developed in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and painting paid more attention to artistic conception. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a group of painters with unique and eclectic styles appeared, which further reflected the individual characteristics of literati painting. Since the Song Dynasty, paintings depicting folk themes and folk paintings have developed.
2. The relevant expressions are concentrated in the last paragraph on page 38 of the textbook, mainly in two aspects: realistic and freehand brushwork; Do not seek similarity, pay attention to the expression of personal subjective temperament.
Lesson 9
1, omitted
2. Briefly describe the characteristics of China's ancient poems in different periods, and summarize the relationship between these characteristics and the times.
Hint: (1) In the pre-Qin period, The Book of Songs, the first collection of poems in China, was formed with four characters. In the south, a poetic form with strong local color-Chuci was formed, and flexible sentence patterns were adopted. The Book of Songs and Songs of the South created the poetic traditions of realism and romanticism in China's literature respectively. (2) Fu was very popular in the Han Dynasty, and most of his works revolved around the luxurious life of the nobles, reflecting the economic prosperity at that time and the confidence of the Han nationality in the times. Writing pays attention to rhetoric, exaggerates, and has the shortcomings of piling up words and rigid form. (3) The political stability and economic and cultural prosperity in the Tang Dynasty were the golden age of poetry development. Poetry creation is prosperous, with many schools, rich themes and styles, many poets and excellent works. Frontier poems are bold and unconstrained, and pastoral poems are fresh and natural. Li Bai, the "Poet Fairy" and Du Fu, the "Poet Sage", are immortal. (4) Urban life in the Song Dynasty was rich, and it experienced the changes of the times such as broken mountains and rivers and partial angles. The development of Ci reached its peak, forming bold and graceful schools. The bold school has a broad vision and a magnificent atmosphere; Graceful and restrained school has harmonious syllables and soft tone. (5) Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty has a wide range of themes, popular language and lively form, and is widely welcomed by the public. In Yuan Dynasty, the Han literati were hopeless and depressed. In Sanqu, most of them lament the current situation, sing and live in seclusion in the mountains, which not only shows the literati's contempt for orthodox ethics in the Yuan Dynasty, but also reveals a negative thought of avoiding the world to varying degrees.
Lesson 65438
◆ Reading and thinking
External reasons: social and economic development; Internal cause: the development of the novel itself.
◆ Self-evaluation
Summarize the characteristics of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and point out the relationship between the characteristics of these novels and the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties.
① The characteristics of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties: remoulding the previously discriminated characters such as businessmen through literary means, and profoundly criticizing the reality; (2) The connection with the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties: First, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the society was permeated with the ethos of money worship and profit-seeking, and the traditional concept of despising business began to fade. This ethos has deeply influenced the creation of novels. In Sanyan, Erpai and other works, businessmen entered the literary world for the first time as objects of praise. Secondly, behind the prosperity of Ming and Qing dynasties, there were profound crises, political darkness, official corruption and various social contradictions gradually deepened. Some scholars are increasingly dissatisfied with the real society and have written many masterpieces that criticize reality.
Lesson 65438
◆ Analysis and exploration
1. The characters in the "Peking Opera Mask" stamp are, from left to right, Meng Liang, Li Kui, Huang Gai and the Monkey King. From left to right, the figures in the lower row are: Lu, Lian Po, Zhang Fei and Doulton, all of whom are net horns.
2. Some scholars said: "The greatest feature of China's art is its emphasis on nothingness. Literature pays attention to implication and aftertaste, and' no words are intentional'; Painting pays attention to blank treatment,' virtual and real are born together, and no painting is wonderful'; Calligraphy pursues' half empty belly',' white as black' and' wonderful in reality, all because.
Born in vain'; Architecture advocates' air leakage through the sun'. From the doors and windows of the house and the space of pavilions, we can get natural scenery and feel the charm of the universe. Relatively speaking, traditional Chinese opera performance is limited by the stage, but through the combination of reality and reality, it transcends the limitation of stage time and space and shows virtuality in technique.
Sex and the emphasis on freehand brushwork are related to it.
◆ Self-evaluation
1. History of Peking Opera's emergence and development: ① In the fifty-fifth year of Qianlong (1790), in order to celebrate Qianlong's eightieth birthday, Sanqingban, a popular Anhui Hui opera troupe, performed in Beijing under the leadership of Gaolangting. (2) Gao Langting and others are good at learning from others, and when they perform in Beijing, they incorporate a lot of Beijing vocabulary, which enriches the expressive force of Huizhou tune. Subsequently, three classes of Anhui opera Sixi, Riverlip and Chuntai went to Beijing one after another, and Huizhou tune gradually took root in Beijing. (3) After continuous integration and absorption, a new kind of drama-Peking Opera has been formed in Beijing. Through the unremitting efforts of several generations of artists, Chinese Peking Opera has learned from others, absorbed everything and brought forth the new. Tongzhi and Guangxu years in Qing Dynasty ushered in the first prosperous period and made outstanding achievements in the history of the development of traditional Chinese opera.
The important factors of the formation of Peking Opera: ① External factors: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing was the political, economic and cultural center. It is not only a paradise for dignitaries, but also merchants from all over the world have established guilds and businesses. Artists from all directions gather here to meet the cultural and entertainment needs of the royal family, officials, businessmen and residents. Beijing has become a major leisure and cultural center.
(2) Internal cause: Huizhou class is eclectic, learning from others' strengths, blending with China tunes, absorbing the artistic vitality tones and performance forms of Kunqu Opera, Bangzi and other operas, and being influenced by Beijing culture in word rhyme, making it more standardized and exquisite. After continuous integration and absorption, Beijing has formed a new kind of drama-Peking Opera.
2. Briefly describe the artistic achievements and characteristics of Peking Opera.
① Artistic achievement: It is a comprehensive art that integrates literature, music, art, dance and other artistic factors. With distinctive national characteristics, it is known as China's "same drama"; Inherited the outstanding achievements of the development of ancient Chinese operas in China, and became an outstanding heritage in national culture and passed down from generation to generation; A large number of excellent plays with diverse themes and forms of expression have been formed, and quite a few of them show the beautiful qualities of ancient people in China. Features: at the beginning of its formation, it absorbed the advantages of many local operas, and the folk local colors were lighter; In literature, performance, music, singing, gongs and drums, makeup, facial makeup and other aspects, through the long-term stage practice of countless artists, a set of rhythmic, standardized, mutually restrictive and complementary programs has been formed.
Lesson 65438
◆ Analysis and exploration
Tip: The culture of a certain society is a reflection of the economy and politics of a certain society, which in turn affects the development of economy and politics. Combined with the knowledge of the compulsory course of history 1, we can see that the democratic and open policy provided by the development of Greek city-state system provides an important background for the prosperity of ideology and culture.
◆ Self-evaluation
1.① difference: the school of the wise came into being to meet the needs of democratic politics at that time, believing that knowledge is the basis for citizens to participate in public affairs and express their opinions, so people need to learn knowledge. Socrates emphasized the role of knowledge and thought that people must have knowledge to achieve good. He combined morality with knowledge and thought that moral behavior must be based on knowledge, and the highest knowledge is the understanding of goodness.
(2) Their respective philosophies: The Wise School emphasizes the value and decisive role of human beings. They believe that values such as justice, virtue and truth are related to human needs and interests and are formulated by human beings. Thus denying the role of supernatural forces such as God or fate in social life and establishing human dignity. Socrates put forward philosophical propositions around people's spiritual cultivation, emphasized the importance of knowledge, pursued truth, goodness and beauty, and initiated a new direction of Greek philosophy.
2. The answer to this question is mainly from the philosophical perspective of Greek sages.
(1) The study of natural philosophers. They used their wisdom to explore the mysteries of nature and break the shackles of tradition, marking the spiritual awakening of ancient westerners.
(2) The school of wise men changed the focus of discussion from understanding nature to understanding society, advocated the spirit of doubt and emphasized the value of human beings, which constituted the basic connotation of ancient Greek humanistic spirit.
(3) Socrates made philosophy truly a "human" knowledge, and his worship and pursuit of knowledge and rational spirit of free exploration had a far-reaching impact on later western philosophy.
(4) Aristotle made philosophy truly an independent discipline, and developed the rational spirit of Greek philosophy of loving wisdom and being studious and thoughtful to the peak, leaving a rich cultural heritage for future generations.
Their philosophical thoughts have played an inestimable role in the development of western humanistic spirit, and "words must be called Greece" also shows the important position of ancient Greek philosophers' thoughts. Therefore, the thought of Greek sages is the source of western humanistic spirit.
Lesson 65438
◆ Reading and thinking
The historical significance of humanism
(1) broke the shackles of medieval theology on human thought, literature and art, and set off a wave.
The wave of ideological emancipation;
(2) Adapted to the needs of the development of capitalism in Western Europe, and cleared the ideological obstacles for the development of modern natural science and various academics;
③ It shook the supreme authority of theology and promoted the religious reform.
◆ Self-evaluation
1. Boccaccio's decameron faces reality, describes a complete secular life, and deliberately depicts "people" instead of the illusory "God" who is happy and dreamy in heaven. His works are more realistic and combative. By telling stories, he described the broad social life of Italy with all kinds of people, joy and happiness, and all kinds of people as the center of description, and the characters he created had distinct personality characteristics, which opened the prelude of the Italian Renaissance centered on "people".
The Middle Ages were not interested in people's inner world, and were not interested in people's complex, vivid and sometimes contradictory feelings. Only during the Renaissance did people become the focus of attention. Just as navigators of that era discovered new oceans and new continents, writers also discovered new depths of people's inner world. Hamlet's tragedy is also a tragedy of humanism in Shakespeare's time. Hamlet can't solve the problem. His greatness lies in his ability to ask questions. For centuries, this genius tragedy created by Shakespeare has been inspiring people to think and calling people to realize the brilliant ideal of humanism.
2. Humanism is mainly expressed through dialogues in master works, the development of stories, the artistic characteristics, composition and colors of paintings and sculptures.
Lesson 65438
Reading and thinking (omitted)
◆ Analysis and exploration
Tong: They all belong to the Christian doctrine, and the purpose is to realize that the soul can ascend to heaven.
The essence of "doing righteousness" is still to strengthen the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and the spiritual monopoly of feudal religious theology.
"Justification by faith" denies the authority of the Catholic Church and plunders the atonement voucher, simplifies the religious ceremony and gives great liberation to believers. On the basis of "justification by faith", "salvation by faith" further defends the bourgeoisie's enrichment, which is the inheritance and development of the latter.
◆ Self-evaluation
Combine Martin? Luther and Calvin's thoughts, analyze the humanistic significance during the religious reform.
Humanism during the Reformation mainly refers to opposing the religious privilege of the Catholic Church and advocating the liberation of human personality, so that people can get rid of the religious shackles of the Roman Catholic Church and gain more personal freedom.