The first instrument. It has a history of more than 2,000 years in China, and the earliest musical instrument called Pipa appeared in the Qin Dynasty.
In the Qin Dynasty, pipa was also the general name of all "root" plucked instruments in China. Our country's pipa also spread to other parts of East Asia, and developed into later Japanese pipa, Korean pipa and Vietnamese pipa.
The pipa in this period not only refers to the musical pipa with pear-shaped sounding box, but also refers to a variety of plucked instruments with similar shapes and sizes, including, yueqin, Ruan, etc., all of which can be said to be pipa instruments.
Pipa is the main plucked instrument with a long history in China. After the improvement of a generation of performers, the unified shape of pipa is a four-string pipa with 6 phases and 24 products.
Pipa instrument has a wide range, and its playing skills rank first among national instrumental music, and its expressive force is the richest instrument in national music. When people play the pipa, their fingers in their left hand pluck the strings according to their tastes, and their right hands wear celluloid fake nails pluck the strings.
Pipa, also known as "Pipa", was first recorded in the book "Interpreting Names and Interpreting Devices" by Liu Xi, a scholar in the Han Dynasty. The original text is as follows:
Immediately by the drum also. Push the hand before saying "approval" and hold the hand when saying "handling", just like when playing drums, because of its name.
Later, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, "Pipa" was officially called "Pipa". Pipa in history evolved from straight pipa and curved pipa. According to historical records, the straight pipa appeared earlier in China.
Qin Hanzi in Qin and Han Dynasties is a kind of straight-necked pipa with a round handle, which was developed from the cymbals at the end of Qin Dynasty. "Ruan Xian" or "Ruan" is a wooden round sounding box with straight handle, with four strings 12 columns, and the pipa is played vertically by hand. In the Jin Dynasty, Ruan Xian was good at playing this instrument, and the pipa was given the names of Ruan Xian and Ruan.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China communicated with the Western Regions through the Silk Road, and the music pipa was introduced from Persia to China through the Western Regions. Four-string and four-phase pipa, pear-shaped, played with a pick. It prevailed in the Northern Dynasties and spread to the southern Yangtze River basin in the first half of the 6th century.
Among the nine songs and ten songs in Sui and Tang Dynasties, pipa became the main musical instrument, which played an important role in the development of song and dance art in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. From Dunhuang murals and Yungang stone carvings, we can still see its position in the band at that time.
In the Tang Dynasty, the development of pipa reached a peak. At that time, pipa was indispensable from court bands to folk singing. Pipa became a very popular musical instrument at that time and was in a dominant position in the band. This grand occasion is recorded in a large number of China's ancient poems. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, vividly described the performance and acoustic effect of pipa in his famous poem Pipa:
Big strings hum like rain, and small strings whisper like secrets. Humming, whispering-and then mixing together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade.
By the late Tang Dynasty, the pipa had made great progress from playing techniques to production structure. The most outstanding innovation in playing techniques is that the horizontal grip is changed to the vertical grip, and the finger playing directly replaces the pick playing.
During this period, the most obvious structural change of pipa was that it increased from four phonemes to 16, at the same time, the neck of the piano was widened, and the lower * * * sounding box was narrowed from wide to narrow, which was convenient for the left hand to press the lower phoneme.
Due to the above two reforms, pipa playing technology has been developed unprecedentedly. It is said that there are fifty or sixty fingerings of the pipa in the Tang Dynasty. To sum up, the right-hand fingering is divided into two systems, namely, the wheel fingering system and the bouncing system; Left-handed fingering is also divided into two systems, namely shiatsu system and push-pull system.
/kloc-At the end of 0/5th century, a number of pipa instruments appeared, such as House of Flying Daggers and Farewell My Concubine, as well as Yueergao, Sichun and Zhao Jun's Complaint.
The so-called Wu Qu is characterized by realism and the use of right-handed skills; The so-called Wen Qu is characterized by lyricism and the use of left-handed skills. These pipa music has become the treasure of China national music and pipa art.
Pipa used to be pentatonic, but later the piano code was added according to the average law of 12. At this time, the standard pipa has 8 phases and 30 products, and its expressive force and adaptability are greatly enhanced. It can not only play traditional music, but also create conditions for the further development of pipa.
Later, there was a new development in pipa art. In the production of pipa, the original silk strings were changed into nylon steel strings, and some even used silver strings, which increased the volume and * * * degrees of pipa.
At the same time, in terms of techniques, the use of left thumb and chords has greatly improved the expressive force of pipa. During this period, many famous pipa music appeared, and many traditional pipa music was also loved by the ancients.
There are many schools of ancient pipa in China, such as Wuxi School, Pinghu School, Pudong School, Chongming School and Wangpai School. Generally speaking, pipa is divided into north and south factions.
The Southern School is the Zhejiang School, represented by Chen Mufu, who will appear in the next round. His good music includes Christina, Xiejia, Yueergao, Pu 'an Mantra, Your Legend, Sui Chen, Wulin Yi Yun and so on. The northern school, represented by Wang Junxi, used the last round and the next round, and was good at flying daggers, sunset red flutes and drums, little Pu 'an mantra, the voice of Le Yan and other music.
Later, Li Fangyuan, a famous pipa player, compiled the Pipa Spectrum of the North and South Schools according to the two schools of pipa, which had a great influence on later scholars and provided valuable information for people to study the ancient Pipa Spectrum.
The representative figure of Pinghu pipa school is that the Li family is a pipa family who played the five generations of piano. Li Fangyuan's father often makes friends with the piano and visits famous artists all over the world. Influenced by his family, he is famous for his love of pipa. He is not only skilled, but also compiled a new pipa spectrum of Nanbei Daqu, later called Li Pu, and the school taught by Li is called Pinghu School.
Pinghu School has been handed down from generation to generation by Li Qiyu, Li Fangyuan, Wu Mengfei, Wu Baijun and Zhu Youqing. There are three sets of new pipa, Yi Yishi Pipa and Zhu Ying Pipa 13.
It is said that Wu Mengfei was Li Fangyuan's favorite pupil, and later he studied under Li Chyi Yu's student Zhang Ziliang. He often performs in Lingnan area, and his artistic activities are quite extensive, which has made positive contributions to promoting Pinghu School.
Zhu Youqing studied under Wu Baijun, a high-heeled man from Li Fangyuan, and pioneered the left thumb pressing method, breaking through the restricted area of little finger pressing.
Pinghu Pipa School pays equal attention to literature and art and martial arts, and Wen Qu is exquisite, often accompanied by virtual soothing movements to enhance the lingering feeling. Wu Qu pays attention to momentum, giving priority to the following rounds. Pinghu school of pipa has a considerable influence on the formation of various styles of pipa later.
Pule School originated in Jushilin and was passed down by Jushilin, Ju Maotang, Chen, Chen, Chen, Chen and others. Jushilin Pipa Music, Chen Pipa Music and Yang Pipa Music are circulating.
The gong and drum skills of Pudong School began in Chen, and Cao, Chen's disciple, was the best. Chen also has an apprentice named. His pipa is bigger and longer than usual, and it is called Da Tao, which can highlight the momentum of Wu Qu.
Later, Chen's second disciple, Shen Haochu, made great contributions to the development of Pudong School by studying ancient pipa music, trained a large number of pipa players, and compiled a book "Yangzhengxuan Pipa Music", which had a great influence on the development of Chinese pipa.
Pudong Pipa School is characterized by the majestic momentum of Wu Qu, the skillful use of the big pipa, the full and vigorous opening of the bow, and the quiet and delicate Wen Qu. Its distinctive traditional techniques include kneading roll, long kneading roll, various pinching and sweeping, big chopping, flying, double flying, four-string wheel rolling, string number change, four-string three-string, sweeping off, eight-tone phoenix nodding, various intonations, timbre change playing method, gongs and drums playing method and so on.