The Yuan Dynasty ruled in China for only 89 years. Although in its heyday, it "only knows how to shoot an eagle with a bow."

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers by Mongolian nobles and feudal landlords, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified day by day, floods, droughts, locusts and epidemics continued, and people lived in poverty, which made the roads in the Central Plains areas such as Henan, Shandong and Hebei "all blocked and deserted" (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 29), and the people were in poverty. They just rose up against the brutal rule of the Yuan Empire until the first year of Zheng Zheng (69). Shandong, Hebei, Huguang and other places gave birth to more than 100 anti-Yuan uprisings. Later, people's uprisings became more and more frequent and intense. Zheng Zheng eight years, Taizhou Fang Guozhen uprising, Zheng Zheng eleven years, Yingzhou Liu Futong uprising, known as the Red Scarf Army, qi zhou Xu Shouhui uprising. In the twelfth year, Guo Zixing and Zhu Yuanzhang set out for Haozhou, and in the second year, Zhang Shicheng set out for Taizhou, Jiangsu. After more than ten years, especially in Liu Futong, the Red Scarf Army fought with the army in Huaibei, Henan, Shandong, Hebei and other places, and farmers responded in succession. The Yuan army sent elite soldiers to fight against the peasant army, attacking the city and plundering the land, killing and plundering, and doing everything possible. In September of the 12th year of Zheng Zheng, Prime Minister Yuan "Tuotuo broke Xuzhou and slaughtered the city" ("Tuotuo Biography of Yuan History"). In the seventeenth and twenty-first years of Zheng Zheng, the Chahan Timur Department of the Yuan Army was at war with the peasant army, and "both sides suffered losses and beheaded more than 10,000 people" (Biography of Chahan Timur in the Yuan Dynasty). In November of the 18th year of Zheng Zheng, the Yuan Army "Liu Qi rented Shunde and robbed grain. Later, the regular army of the Yuan Army was so elite that it was unable to suppress the peasant rebels. Some landlords armed themselves, in order to safeguard their own interests, and also cooperated with the Yuan Army to crack down on farmers. Wang Baobao and his son from Shanxi and Li Siqi from Shaanxi also sent troops to the north of Henan, Shaanxi and Shandong, and finally suppressed the Red Scarf Army. In these battles, the Yuan army and the landlord armed forces mostly "uprooted the land and slaughtered the city" (Yuan history. Chronicle of Shundi) killed 10 people in Henan, Shandong, northern Jiangsu and northern Anhui. At that time, the famous Yangzhou City only killed 18 people. ("A Record of Ming Taizu", Volume V) The genealogy of the cattle family in Niu Wa Village, Wenxian County also says: "When soldiers kill Yuzhou, the land is thousands of miles away. "It has reached the situation of' spring mud goes nowhere, and it is a thousand miles away'. Later, Zhu Yuanzhang sent troops to Jianghuai, sent Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to the Northern Expedition, made progress in Shandong, recovered Henan, set Kyoto in the north, and Yuan Di died in Mobei, thus ending the 16-year military chaos at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, besides the mutiny, floods, drought locusts and epidemics broke out one after another. The Yellow River and Huaihe River burst repeatedly, making the Central Plains land "floating without fields, houses, countless deaths, and most villages and towns abandoned." According to the historical records of Yuan Dynasty, there were 19 rains and droughts in Shandong, 17 in Henan, 15 in Hebei and 8 in Huaibei. (The Five Elements of Yuan Dynasty) resulted in "People are not living well, many people die" (Yuan Shundi) and "When crops don't enter the ground, people eat each other" (Yuan Wuxing). From the first year of Zheng Zheng to the twenty-sixth year, there was a big flood almost every year. "The first year of Zheng Zheng, the capital of song dynasty and Zhou Jun floods. On the ugly night of June, Jinan's landscape surged, rushing to the east and west, flowing into Xiaoqing River, Montenegro, Tianma, Shigu and other villages, and Wolong's landscape flowed into Daqing River, with more than a thousand floating residents, not counting drowning. In February of three years, landslides and floods occurred in Ningyuan, Fuqiang and Ji Cheng counties of Changgong, and no one drowned. In May, the Yellow River burst into Mao Kou. In July, Zhongmou, Fugou, Weishi and Weichuan counties in the capital of song dynasty, Xishui in Xingyang and Dashui in Yin San county, Zhengzhou. In May of four years, Bazhou was flooded. In June, heavy rain fell in Gongxian County, Henan Province, and there were hundreds of floating houses in Yishui and Luoshui. Jining Road, Yanzhou, Bianliang, Yanling, Tongxu, Chenliu, Linying and other counties were flooded and people ate people. In July, the Luanhe River is full of land, and there are not many people drifting on Yongping Road. Dongping Road in Dong 'e, Yanggu, Wenshang and Pingyin counties, and Dashui in Ya 'an County ... In July of five years, the river definitely helped Yin, and the floating officials and people were exhausted. In October, the Yellow River flooded. In May of seven years, Huangzhou was flooded ... In the first month of eight years, Xinhai broke the river and fell into Jining Road. June, ugly. In Songzi County, Zhongxing Road, there was a shower and the water soared. The ground was more than five feet deep and drifted for more than 60 miles, 1500 people died. It was this month that Jiaozhou was flooded. In July, there was a flood in Gaomi County. 1In July, 1999, floods occurred in Gongan, Shishou, Qianjiang and Jianli counties in Zhongxing Road and Mianyang area. In summer and autumn, crops in qi zhou are damaged by floods. ...

/kloc-in June of 0/2, there was a shower in Songzi County, Zhongyang Road, and the water level soared, drifting away more than a thousand houses and drowning 700 people. In July, there was a flood in Xi 'an County, Asia. In the summer of 13th year, there were floods in Feng Run, Yutian, Zunhua and Pinggu counties of Jizhou ... 14. In June, it rained heavily in Fugong County, Henan Province, and the Yi and Luo rivers flooded, leaving no residents and drowning more than 300 people. In autumn, there was a flood in Jizhou ... In sixteen years, Yin He County in Zhengzhou was ruled by the river, and the mansion was abandoned and became a middle stream. ..... In June of 17th year, summer rain and Zhanghe River flooded, and Guangping county and city were flooded. In autumn, Jizhou County was flooded. In the autumn of eighteen years, the capital and Jizhou were flooded. /kloc-in September of 0/9, it was decided to be in Rencheng County, Jeju. In July 20, Tongzhou was flooded. In March of the 22nd year, Guangze County in Shaowu was flooded. Twenty-three years, Meng Zhou Jiyuan, Wenxian flood. In July, the river washed away Dongping and Shouzhang counties, washed away the city walls, drifted away the houses and drowned many people. In March of 2004, the well water in Yidu County overflowed and turned yellow. Huaiqing Road, Mengzhou, Hanoi, Wuzhi County. In July, Yidu Road, Tingguang County and Gaomi County of Jiaozhou were flooded. In the autumn of twenty-five years, Jizhou was flooded. Dongping program, Dong 'e and Pingyin counties burst their creeks and reached Qinghe River, destroying houses and injuring crops. In February 26, Hebei migrated from Dongming, Cao and Pu to Jining. It rained heavily in Henan in June, and the water overflowed, which was too deep. There are hundreds of residents living in Dongguan. In autumn and July, floods occurred in Jizhou, Weihui, Bianliang and Zhou Jun counties. In August, the Daqing River in Dizhou was decided, and the border between Bindi and Dizhou was completely abolished. The West Yellow River in Feicheng County and Jining Road flooded during the flood season, and the houses in Tianhe 100 were gone, and more than 70 miles in Qihe County, Texas were gone. (Records of Five Elements in Yuan Dynasty) Such records can be found everywhere in yuan dynasty history. Especially in Henan, there are serious floods almost every year. The Housing and Urban-Rural Development Department of Zhongshu Province once said: Tian He will not accept floods and droughts in successive years. "("Yuan Shi ". Shundi Zhuan) At that time, a minister in charge of rivers also said that the Central Plains region was "starved for years, and the people could not make ends meet." (History of the Yuan Dynasty, Volume II)

At the end of Yuan Dynasty, there were not only serious floods in the Central Plains, but also frequent locusts. From the first year of Zheng Zheng to the twenty-fifth year, there were 189 locust plagues. ("Yuan History". "Five Elements") Ming Dow in the Yuan Dynasty, until June of the twelfth year, "three counties were opened, slippery and sparse, and there were 716,980 hungry people due to floods, droughts and locusts". (yuan dynasty history. Biography of Shun Di) From the end of the Yuan Dynasty to the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were fifteen famines in the Central Plains (History of the Yuan Dynasty). There was a famine in Henan in the seventeenth year. In eighteen years, "the capital was hungry and Zhang De was hungry". In the 19th year of Zheng Zheng, Hebei, Shandong and Henan starved to death, and five people in Tongzhou killed their children to eat. Baoding road is full of evil, and soldiers prey on the weak. In Jin Meng, Xin 'an, Mianchi and other places in Lu Yu, there has been a tragic situation of "people eat locusts and people eat people". At the same time, the extremely harmful plague has been prevalent in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi and southern provinces for many times. (Yuan Shi. Records of five elements)

All of the above, the chaos of soldiers, floods, locusts and epidemics complement each other, and the people either die or flee, making the Central Plains vast and sparsely populated, and the land barren. The Yuan government had to reduce some roads leading to the state, such as "reducing Xuzhou Road to Wu' an State". (yuan dynasty history. "Biography of Shun Di") Even in the Ming Dynasty, due to the sharp drop in population and grain, many states had to be downgraded, and the famous city Kaifeng was reduced from the upper government to the lower government (Records of Ming Taizu, vol. 96, 193). In the ten years of Hongwu, the counties such as Henan, to which the Chief Secretary belongs, had "countless grains", and "every state changed to a county, and twelve counties merged". (A Record of Ming Taizu 120, 164) In the seventeenth year of Hongwu, there were less than 3,000 households in more than 30 states, and it was still reduced to a county. (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 164)

After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, officials from all over the country reported to the Ming government the barren situation in various places. The Central Plains region is full of "shortage of manpower, which has been barren for a long time" (Records of Ming Taizu, Volume 148), with few residents (Records of Ming Taizu, Volume 176) and "most of them are uninhabited" (Gu Rilu, Volume 10), and taxes are not paid for years. It directly threatened the rule of the Ming Dynasty, and even Zhu Yuanzhang knew: "After the chaos, the original place was sparsely populated, so it was urgent for the Central Plains to open up land and increase household registration" (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 25), so Su Qi of Zhou Tao (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 50), family doctor Liu Jiugao (Record of Food and Loan in the Ming Dynasty) and Song Na of imperial academy were adopted.

During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, a large number of immigrants began, agricultural production just resumed, and the "Jingnan War" happened again. The four-year war aggravated the desolation of the Central Plains, so there was still a move to move people from Yongle.

After Zhu Yuanzhang died, Wen Jian succeeded to the throne. In order to consolidate centralization, he took the measure of "cutting vassal". Judy, the prince of Yan, marched from Beijing to Nanjing in the name of going to Beijing to punish traitors, and visited Hebei, Henan, Shandong, northern Anhui, Huaibei and other places, and fought repeatedly with government forces for four years. This is the so-called "Swallow Sweeping the Monument" widely circulated in the Central Plains. At that time, people in some areas organized their own armed forces and refused to resist the army of the Prince of Yan, which reflected the people's desire to live and work in peace and contentment and resume production.

According to the Ming History, during the war, the Yan army plundered and slaughtered very seriously, such as "the Yan army plundered Zhen, Shunde, Guangping and Daming". (Biography of Ming Taizu Gongmin) In the battle of Baigou River, the prince "beheaded tens of thousands and set fire to more than 100,000". (Ming history. After Judy's victory, the people of the Central Plains automatically helped the government troops against the Yan army, and they killed the troops and people loyal to the emperor Wen Jian. According to some genealogy records in Hebei and Shandong, the village town became a market as soon as Yan Bing arrived. When the prince of Yan hit the junction of Hebei and Henan, he was resisted by the local armed "Eighteen Villages Friendship Association". The prince turned to Nanjing without a standard and was taken by the Yan people. Li's Genealogy, written in Guangxu, Zhai Village, Linqing County, Shandong Province, recorded that King Gai Yan could not fight. When he was writing, he organized the North and South armies, the South army pursued him, and the North army was defeated, committing crimes from north to south. When you miss him, you either kill, scrape or run away. Six or seven hundred miles from east to west and nearly a thousand miles from north to south are just a few hills.

Therefore, the battle of Jingnan intensified the desolate situation of the Central Plains, and the people either killed or fled, which is another reason for Yongle immigrants.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there was famine and chaos in the Central Plains, but Shanxi was a different scene. The chaos in the Central Plains and various disasters and epidemics rarely spread to Shanxi, and no major floods, droughts and pests occurred in most parts of Shanxi. Compared with neighboring provinces, it enjoys social stability, economic prosperity and affluent population. Yuan Man Zhong You said in "The Story of Building a City in the River (Zhou Pu)": There is a fire today, and the river is empty. Although it was a compliment from feudal literati, it also showed that the eastern part of Shanxi was relatively stable, and refugees from neighboring provinces flowed into Shanxi, which made the population of southern Shanxi dense for fourteen years. The population of Henan is 189. 1 10,000, that of Hebei is1893,000, and that of Shanxi is 4,030,450, which is equal to the total population of Hebei and Henan. (Record of Ming Taizu, Volume 140)