In the seventh year of Kangxi, Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan Province, played Emperor Kangxi with great anxiety, showing a strong sense of hardship. He said: "I am honored to be appointed as the highest local official in Sichuan by the emperor and come to this war-torn place to show my great ambition. But now, when I stand in the devastated past, I can't increase my income, and it's hard to collect taxes, which makes me feel embarrassed, unable to eat or sleep. I was sent by the emperor, but I am loyal to the country and the court. After a few days of thinking, I feel that there seems to be no other good way to attract immigrants to reclaim land and rebuild their homes. " Historical materials of Ming and Qing dynasties, title book of the Ministry of Housing.
At the same time, Governor Zhang also mentioned some immigration methods in his memorial. For example, local officials in neighboring provinces of Sichuan can be ordered to check those Sichuanese who left their homes because of the war and register them, and then Sichuan can "send officials to take over them" or the government can directly introduce immigration policies and move people from densely populated provinces to Sichuan through administrative means. Emperor Kangxi, sitting on the dragon chair in the Forbidden City, is also struggling with the taxation and reconstruction of the whole country. He received memorials from local officials in Sichuan, called relevant departments to listen to relevant reports, officially promulgated an imperial edict entitled "Recruiting People to Fill Sichuan in the Thirty-third Year of Kangxi", and ordered large-scale immigration from Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Guangdong and other places to Sichuan.
(Note: Historically, southern Shaanxi has always belonged to Sichuan. Since the Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty entered the Central Plains, in order to consolidate their rule, Hanzhong Prefecture and Xing 'an Prefecture in northern Sichuan were included in Shaanxi, making it impossible to prevent Sichuan. So Sichuan in a broad sense also includes Hanzhong City and Ankang City in the south of Shaanxi Province. The route of Huguang immigrants arriving in Sichuan is basically against the Yangtze River, passing through Chongqing, while Huguang immigrants arriving in southern Shaanxi is another route. First, immigrants arrived in Hankou, Jingzhou and Xiangyang, went against the Han River and arrived in Hanzhong and Xing 'an. Because the structure of immigrants arriving in Sichuan and southern Shaanxi is basically similar, the two places are very similar in culture, diet and dialect customs, such as Xixiang County and Shiquan County in the middle of southern Shaanxi. The accent is very close to Sichuan dialect, and the architectural style is also typical of Sichuan folk houses. Hanyin County, which goes east, has few elements in Sichuan. Compared with Shiquan County in all aspects, Hanyin County has more obvious characteristics in Hunan and less in Sichuan. Ankang and Xunyang in the east are closer to Hubei and Guanzhong, and the diversity of immigrants leads to cultural differences. As the saying goes, three miles have different sounds, and five miles have different customs. We are talking about southern Shaanxi. Therefore, southern Shaanxi and Sichuan have been a family since ancient times, and mountains and rivers are connected. The Cuban relics excavated in Ankang also prove that southern Shaanxi and Sichuan belong to Bashu culture in history and are inseparable families. )
Specific historical fragments:
"Huguang filling Sichuan" refers to the decades in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, Sichuan's population dropped sharply and cultivated land was barren. Under this specific historical condition, in order to solve the problems of labor force and grain production in Sichuan, the Qing Dynasty adopted the measures of "reclaiming land for wasteland", and ten immigrants from Yu Sheng, such as Hubei and Hunan, settled in Sichuan one after another, with Hubei and Hunan being the most. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half. Among the immigrants in Hubei Province, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position. This paper discusses the status and role of Macheng immigrants in "Huguang filling Sichuan".
Huguang Province introduced:
Huguang, or "Huguang Province" and "Huguang Province", was a national first-class administrative region directly under the jurisdiction of the central government of China during the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty.
Huguang Zhongshu Province, referred to as Huguang Zhongshu Province, was a first-class administrative region directly under the central government in Yuan Dynasty, referred to as Ezhou Province, Tanzhou Province and Huguang Province.
From the Yuan Dynasty to the 11th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1274), Jinghu Road and other roads were located in Zhongshu Province, so it was renamed Ezhou Province because it was planned to take Ezhou. In the 14th year (1277), Ezhou Province was merged into Tanzhou Province, Changsha. In the eighteenth year (128 1), he moved to Ezhou and ruled Wuchang (now Wuchang, Wuhan).
Huguangxing Zhongshu Province is one of the 10 Zhongshu provinces in China, covering most of the south of the Yangtze River, most of Hunan, most of Hubei, most of Guangxi, Hainan and Guizhou, and Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, and governing 30 roads including Wuchang, Yuezhou, Changde, Lizhou, Chenzhou, Yuanzhou and Xingguo. Today, Hubei, western Hunan and southwestern Shaanxi are under the jurisdiction of Sichuan Province.
First, the background of implementing the policy of "Huguang filling Sichuan"
In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became a place of four wars: the Qing army killed people at will, local strongmen organized themselves to protect themselves, and rural hooligans rebelled. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.
After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Mainly to encourage immigrants from other provinces to enter Sichuan for reclamation. If it is stipulated that anyone who wishes to enter Sichuan will be given an acre of land as a permanent career. Poor people in all provinces who bring their wives to Sichuan can be naturalized. The preferential policies for recruiting people in Sichuan are closely related to the promotion of political achievements of officials at all levels and the encouragement of reclamation and recruitment. Implement additional preferential tax policies. Kangxi issued a letter to the mu of land reclaimed by immigrants, which stipulated that taxes would not be levied until five years later. And breeding populations will never be given. It also stipulates that the origin authorities of immigrants and people who have settled in Sichuan should cooperate with the transfer and verification, arrange household registration and be included in Jiabao. These policies have created a good environment and conditions for immigrants.
Two, Macheng immigrants into Sichuan conditions, forms and quantity.
According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. The immigration of Huguang into Sichuan has greatly promoted China society. Among them, Macheng immigrants occupy an important position in Sichuan.
Geographically speaking, Hubei Province is closest to Sichuan, and the Yangtze River flows into Sichuan Basin. In ancient times, it was the best route to enter Sichuan. Therefore, from the Yuan Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, migrants from Macheng, Hubei Province filled Sichuan, and the most people entered Sichuan and left their jobs. There are three immigration conditions in Macheng: first, Macheng is not far from Chongqing; Second, Macheng immigrants have a long history. In Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, a large number of Macheng immigrants entered Sichuan. Third, it is related to Zhang's peasant uprising. Zhang stayed in Hubei for a long time, and then moved to Huguang and Jiangxi, especially Macheng, where many farmers joined the army. So many of Zhang's men are Macheng people. After Zhang's defeat, some people stayed in Sichuan anonymously.
The first form of immigration into Sichuan is to enter Sichuan by order. The immigrants in Nanchuan County, Sichuan Province are Huguang people, especially Goose Feet and Daqiu in Xiaogan Township, Macheng (Macheng set up four townships in the early Ming Dynasty, Xiaogan Township entered Xianju Township in the Chenghua year). At that time, when the imperial court issued the imperial edict "Biography of Chu Shimin", the grass-roots implementation departments used the method of binding villages by force, so the origin of immigrants was not only the same as place names, but also small place names. The ancestor of Ma Shitu, a famous writer, was from Macheng. During the Qianlong period, the four brothers Ma reclaimed land in Macheng. They went up the Yangtze River to Zhongzhou (now Zhongxian County) and left the curved hills and sandbars in Shi Baozhai for more than ten miles. Later, the small place names here were called Majiashan and majiawan. Ma's four people have multiplied more than a thousand people in Pingchu Village near the Yangtze River. The second is to survive and deposit in Shu. Ai Wu, a famous writer, was born in Xiaogan Township, Macheng, and made a living by farming. However, due to the loss of land, in the mid-Kangxi period, he had to go to Xishu in order to survive, so he took his wife and his belt and entered Sichuan from the Yangtze River waterway. Finally, he chose the plain at the junction of Xinfan County and Pengxian County in Chengdu, and engaged in farming with ditches. The third is to do business in Shu. In the early Qing Dynasty, the trade between Hubei and neighboring Sichuan was very convenient, and some of them settled in nearby Sichuan. For example, Liu Tingqi, who was originally from Macheng, Hubei Province, ordered his family Liu Junchen to settle in Zhongjiang "Xiangtu" in the thirty-ninth year of Kangxi, and then settled in Zhongjiang with his wife. The fourth is to settle down as an official. For example, Liang Guangyu, commander-in-chief of Sichuan Longying, was originally from Huguang Macheng. After entering Sichuan, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief, and then he lived in Sanmuli, Quanmen Township and Jiangyou County, Wu Jia.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there were more than one million immigrants from Macheng, half of whom came from Hubei and Hunan. There are about 300 thousand people in Hubei. Macheng undoubtedly occupies an important proportion. However, how many people went to Sichuan in Macheng? The author consulted the county annals of Macheng in Qing Dynasty, but did not record the great event of this immigration. According to the household registration records of Macheng County Annals printed in Guangxu 8 years of Qing Dynasty, the population of Macheng in Jiajing 35 years of Ming Dynasty was 148240. The population of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty in forty-seven years was 1 16234. The registered population in the early Qing Dynasty was 1 10287. Inferred from this figure, there may be 37,953 people who immigrated to Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Of course, there are also people who participated in the peasant uprising in Zhang. But it is estimated that the number of immigrants is around 30 thousand. If this figure is true, it accounts for 10% of the total number of immigrants in Hubei. There should be more at county level. This does not include the number of people who entered Sichuan in the early Ming Dynasty. If counted together, it is estimated that there are no fewer than 65,438+10,000 people. According to Hu Zhaoxi, a professor at Sichuan University, 58 genealogies of Chongqing, Hechuan, Nanxi and Guang 'an were studied many years ago. Before the Qing Dynasty 1 18 households entered Sichuan, of which 85 households were Huguang, and 65 of them were from Macheng.
Third, the management and role of Sichuan Macheng immigrants
First, relatively centralized management of Macheng immigrants. For example, Yunyang, "The city is divided into north and south banks. During the Hongwu period, people from the south bank migrated from Xiaogan, Macheng, Huguang and other places. People from the north bank were all expatriates in Kang Yong, but there were more people from Hubei and Hunan." (Xianfeng's Yunyang County Records) For naturalized immigrants, strengthen household registration management, print receipts, and incorporate them into Jiabao to make them feel at ease in farming.
Second, introduce new crops and planting techniques. For example, crops and technologies such as sweet potato, sugarcane, sericulture and tobacco planting in Macheng were all introduced to Sichuan by immigrants.
Third, promote business development. Macheng businessmen operate key industries such as mountain products and grain, and also trade in iron pots, cloth shops, hemp shops, wine shops, pig shops, porcelain, miscellaneous grains and other commodities.
Fourth, population reproduction. For example, in the fourth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (137 1), Gan Chengxian of Xiaogan Township in Macheng, Hubei Province led his family to move to Ganjiagou in Fusheng. Hundreds of years later, his descendants multiplied and developed into surnames with a large number of people near the water. Now it is mainly concentrated in Fu Sheng, Fenghe, Ba 'er, Shiyong and other places. Scattered throughout the county. "
Fifth, spread culture. For example, Kan Changyan, a native of Macheng, was a scholar in the eighth year of Yongzheng, and served as the county magistrate of Deyang, Sichuan in the fifth year of Qianlong (1740). During his tenure, he "often visited Long Mu to persuade farmers to teach mulberry" and wrote a book Family Affairs according to the natural and economic conditions in Sichuan. The book tells about many farming activities from the aspects of weather, geographical location and manpower, such as grasping farming time, improving soil and paying attention to farming techniques.
Sixth, immigrants keep in touch with Macheng. A famous writer, the ancestor of the Tang Dynasty, moved from Macheng to Xinfan, Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty, and came with the rhyme of "strong hope to inherit the ancestors and be virtuous", which was passed down from generation to generation. Ai Wu's father's generation is Kun. It was at the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the population doubled and there were not enough names, so people were sent to Macheng to visit their ancestors' families, and only many rhymes were brought back and printed on the genealogy. The first two sentences are "Tao is generous and benevolent, making contributions and showing courage to learn." Ai Wu took this poem as the word generation of "Tao" and was named Tang Daogeng by his father.
Fourth, some counties live in Macheng.
1. Guang 'an House (Guang 'an) "Hunan and Hubei are full of affection, and jute is always abundant". According to the data provided by Guangxu's New Records of Guang 'an Prefecture, the Huang and Ma nationalities in Hubei accounted for 26.64% of the population entering Guang 'an Prefecture. Hubei and Hunan together account for about 60%. According to Mao Mao's My Father Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping's hometown is Guang 'an County. About one third of the people from Huang An and Macheng, Hubei Province were recorded in Guangxu Guang 'an County Records. Deng Xiaoping's ancestors may have migrated from Macheng. According to Mao Mao's book, "Many people who have studied my father's life have also studied our family and family history. Some people say that our family is an immigrant from Hubei. -Even my uncle said that when I was a child, I heard adults say that the Deng family moved from Hubei. " (My Father Deng Xiaoping, page 23) Mao Mao's uncle Duncan works in Wuhan. He has been to Macheng many times and thinks that Deng's ancestors are from Macheng. It can be seen that the ancestors of Comrade Deng Xiaoping probably immigrated from Macheng.
Second, Linshui County. According to county records, there are as many as 65 kinds of immigrant surnames, of which "Hubei is the most, especially Macheng in this province." Among them, famous families, such as Gan Jiabin, Zhengqing, and the commander-in-chief Bao of Taiwan Province in Dali Temple in Qing Dynasty, were all Macheng people. Gump mentioned it before. Bao Jiaming's Hongwunian (137 1) moved to Lvdou Bay in Xingren Township with Bao from Xiaogan Township in Macheng, and now he is concentrated in Xingren, Neighborhood and Crossroads.
Thirdly, in Xinning County (now Kaijiang), the most popular name of Macheng immigrants in Ming Dynasty was Zhang, who was originally from Macheng. In the second year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was moved to Jielongqiao, Shashuwan and Zhangjiawan respectively, and passed to 18 generation. There were Zheng, Gao and Xue surnames in Macheng in Qing Dynasty.
Fourth, Pengxian (now Pengzhou, also known as Tian Peng). It belongs to the county-level city under the jurisdiction of Chengdu). In the Ming Dynasty, the Zhou family in Macheng moved to Shu in the early Ming Dynasty, and lived in the Wild Duck River in Peng County, which is now the hometown of Wannian. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, Huang moved from Macheng to Baziping in Shengping, Peng County.
Fifth, Jintang County. Chang surnamed Zhang, moved from Macheng to Kanto in Jintang County in the early Ming Dynasty, and took several imperial examinations. Up to now 15 generations.
Sixth, Xuanhan County. In the Yuan Dynasty, Xiang, Ran and Yuan moved in from Macheng. In the Ming Dynasty, 49 surnames moved in, of which Macheng accounted for 22. Moved into 18 Macheng, 3 Macheng in Qing Dynasty.
Seventh, nanbu county. Wang Xing's branch moved from Macheng in the early Qing Dynasty, and it has been passed down for about 20 generations, with 120 celebrities living in the terrain. Many towns and villages have ancestral temples. Zhang entered the county from Macheng in the thirty-sixth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, and it has been passed down from generation to generation 16.
Eighth, Yuechi County. Kang was born in Macheng, and moved to Sanxiang County in the 23rd year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. Fan Zu was born in Macheng and also entered the four townships of the county at the same time; Fu surnamed Xiaogan, Macheng, Qingganlong 12 entered the county. In 2 1 year, Jiang moved Kangxi to six towns. In addition, Nanchong County, Tongnan County, Xindu County and other Macheng immigrants are more.
5. Among the outstanding talents of Macheng immigrants, there are many officials and writers.
Recently, the second series of "The Road to Economists" published by Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Press included an article "Memories of the Spring and Autumn Period of 1980s" by Hu Daiguang, a famous economist of Peking University. The article said: My ancestors were originally from Macheng County, Hubei Province. Because the peasant revolutionary movement led by Zhang in the late Ming Dynasty was later suppressed by government forces, Sichuan aborigines were scarce, and most of the land was barren and uncultivated. Therefore, the Qing government adopted the policy of emigrating to Sichuan. It was in this situation that my ancestors moved to Sichuan from Macheng County, Hubei Province during the reign of Kangxi (now most Sichuanese moved from other provinces).
According to the article Li Peng, son of Yanhe written by Kuen Yeung of Shenzhen Special Zone Daily, "According to Li's genealogy, Li's hometown was originally in Macheng County, Hubei Province, and later moved to Qingfu County, Sichuan Province. It is not known when it moved. " According to a survey sent by Macheng to Qingfu Town, Gaoxian County, Sichuan Province, 1936 "Rebuilding Genealogy" was found, and its preface reads: "Wuqing Li moved here from Macheng, Hubei Province for hundreds of years. I have been studying in this home for a generation. " The postscript to the genealogy says, "My family is a sect of Chu, and the third season is obviously a disaster, which cannot be tested."
As mentioned above, famous writers such as Gan Jiabin, Zheng Qing of Dali Temple, Bao, Bao, Bao, and Bao of Taiwan Army in Qing Dynasty all came from Macheng.