1. root
Hakka's roots are in the Han nationality.
Traditionally, the source of Hakka is Heluo, which refers to the Yellow River and Luohe River. Broadly speaking, Heluo is the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Luohe River Basin. The narrow sense of Heluo is Luoyang. There are three bases for "taking root in Heluo": ① genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record the legends of ancestors living in Heluo, ② Mount Tai Shi Gandang, ③ Hakka classical Chinese; It's a kind of Mandarin, much like Henan dialect in Zhongzhou. Rooting in Heluo does not mean that all Hakkas are Heluo people, but its scope should include the central plains hometown south of the Yellow River, north of the Yangtze River, east of the Hanshui River basin and west of the Huaihe River, with its core in Heluo.
2. Reasons for migration
The migration of Hakkas includes the southward migration of Hakkas ancestors and the domestic and international migration of Hakkas. As far as migration behavior is concerned, there are active and passive points, and the reasons for migration are different in different periods according to the history of migration process. Generally speaking, there are four aspects of various migration factors:
A. factors related to emigration, that is, push factors.
The reverse development of cultivated land area and population is the fundamental factor that often plays a role.
(2) War. The brutal war turned prosperous cities and wealthy villages into ruins, and millions of people were killed in the war. In order to seek a stable social environment, survivors were forced to leave their homes and migrate to various places, which is the root cause of large-scale sudden migration.
(3) official relocation and resettlement.
4 reading and doing business.
(5) Struggle, including political struggle and economic struggle.
B. factors related to the place of immigration, namely "pull".
The north develops early and the south develops late. The south has a vast territory, a sparse population and few wars, which has good conditions for the Han people to settle down and develop agriculture. For example, in Meizhou, Guangdong Province in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the land is barren and the people are lazy, but the farmers are fresh, and the students and overseas Chinese are plowing, so the old people do not suffer from no fields, and every field does not waste labor." In addition, the policy of "no tax" was implemented in the southern Baiyue area during the Tang and Song Dynasties.
C. Factors related to intervention barriers, namely "intermediary factors".
Hakka ancestors migrated from Heluo and Zhongyuan to Jiangnan and Lingnan areas. Although the traffic conditions are extremely difficult, there is no way out. Since the Qin dynasty, there have been post roads. There have been canals and waterways since Sui Dynasty, especially Southeast Road and Lingnan Road. Since the Song Dynasty, there has been "Tompu" and so on.
The southeast road is dominated by the Grand Canal, connecting Guanzhong, Huainan and Southeast, and extending to Jiangxi, Fujian and other places so far. There are four ways to enter Lingnan: 1 from Jingxiang Road south to Hunan, and enter the Pearl River Delta via Xiangshui, Lingqu, Gui Jiang and Xijiang; First, from Dayue Gengling, Hunan, along Zhenjiang and Beijiang; First, starting from the Yangtze River and Ganjiang River, Gengling Mountain goes south along Zhenjiang and Beijiang River; First, from Fuzhou along the southwest coast to eastern Guangdong, the smooth roads provided convenient traffic conditions for Hakka ancestors to move south in previous dynasties.
The reclamation of feudal governments such as "moving the sea to restore the boundary" in the 23rd year of Kangxi and "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the 5th year of Kangxi1year also provided opportunities and conditions for the Hakkas to migrate again.
D factors related to personal psychology and physiology, namely "self-reasons".
Floating population is a group with special characteristics, not a general migrant population, which is manifested in adventurous spirit and dissatisfaction with the status quo. These are closely related to personal factors, such as the essence of calling short people "late Koreans".
3. Migration process and route.
There are many historical records of the migration of Han people from north to south, but there are different opinions in academic circles about the time when Hakka ancestors began to migrate on a large scale from the Central Plains. Some people think that it began in the Qin Dynasty, while others think that it began in the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms, or the Eastern Jin Dynasty, or the Tang Dynasty, or the Five Dynasties, or the Southern Song Dynasty. As a result, the great migration of Hakka has been formed, including the second theory, the third theory, the fifth theory, the sixth theory and the ninth theory. There is no agreement. It is generally believed that there have been five large-scale explosive migrations of Hakkas, and their migration patterns and routes are generally from north to south, from east to west, from plains to hilly areas, along rivers to core areas, from home to abroad and scattered around the world.
A. Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Affected by the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of Han people in the north moved south. The farthest migration started from today's Changzhi, Shanxi Province, and the most recent migration started from today's Lingbao, Henan Province, south along the Ying, Ru and Huai river basins, and reached Hubei, southern Henan and the northern shore of Anhui and Jiangxi along the Yangtze River.
B. Late Tang and Five Dynasties
Mainly influenced by the Anshi Rebellion, the Huang Chao Uprising and the separatist regime of the buffer region, most of the people who moved far south crossed the river from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan, Shouxian and Fuyang in Anhui, and even moved to Minnan; Recently, it moved from the northwest or middle of the river to the south or west of Fujian, or the border between northern and eastern Guangdong.
C. Song Dynasty
Influenced by the Jin people's southward migration, the Mongols' entry into the Central Plains and the peasant uprising at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, after Wen Tianxiang's failure to resist the Yuan Dynasty, an unprecedented migration was formed to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, and the characteristics of "every mountain must have guests, and no guest can live in the mountain" were formed, which made the Hakkas have typical characteristics of mountain people. The war at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty touched the migration of Hakka people. The migration sites are concentrated in Jiaying. The main reason is that Jiaying is located in the best passage in the east and north of Lingnan, and there are many low-lying hilly areas for reclamation. In addition, it was once in ruins in the process of resisting Yuan Dynasty, that is, it responded to the call of "Lu Wen called on the army to be diligent, the cliff mountain was covered, nine times out of ten the citizens died, and Jing Ke was empty". Therefore, Hakkas moved from other cities to regroup. As a result of a large number of Hakkas moving into Jiaying in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Jiaying came into being.
D. late Ming and early Qing dynasties
On the one hand, the reason for migration is the expansion of internal population, on the other hand, the influence of Manchu nobles entering the Central Plains. Because there are many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land is becoming more and more fierce, and people continue to migrate abroad, such as from Chengxiang and Changle to Haifeng and Guishan during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. It moved from Tingzhou to Fuzhou and other places. In the early Qing Dynasty, Guangzhou was the core, and it moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin 'an, Dongguan and Heshan. It moved to Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan and Taishan successively, and then moved to Sichuan, Guangxi and Yunnan in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
The migration route of this period is: mainly from the second and third phases of the old residence, to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, as well as Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan, and a small number of them moved back from western Fujian, northern Guangdong and eastern Guangdong to both sides of the Luoxiao Mountains in southern Jiangxi and central and western Jiangxi, which led to the differentiation of new and old customers among Hakka people in Jiangxi.
E. During the Tongzhi period
Hakka Migration Caused by Guangdong West Road Incident and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
After the Guangdong West Road incident, with the help of the government, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and even crossed the sea to Yaxian and Ding 'an in Hainan Island.
After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by Hakkas, the Qing rulers wanted to slaughter all the men, women and children who participated in the uprising, such as Hong. So many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places. A large number of Hakkas fled to Hongkong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to work as coolies in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and North and South China like contract workers in. During this period, they mainly migrated from central and eastern Guangdong to western and southern China.
Not every migration is a Hakka migration, but there are strict differences. It is generally believed that the migration before the Southern Song Dynasty is the migration of Hakka ancestors, and it is the real Hakka migration after the Southern Song Dynasty. Hakka immigrants are not like waves or archery. It is not organized and led, but unorganized and very prosperous.
4. The formation of Hakka
At present, the main viewpoints are: the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty; Song and Ming dynasties; After the middle of Ming Dynasty; After the middle of Qing dynasty.
It is generally believed that in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Hakka group differentiated into a branch of the Han nationality and began to form a scale. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it had become a huge social force. By the Qing Dynasty, the self-awareness of Hakkas was even stronger and they were very active and active on the social stage. What is the main basis for the formation of Hakkas in the Southern Song Dynasty?
(1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty.
(2) A considerable population. Population is the carrier of country and clan. Without a certain number of people, there is no nation or clan. The historical estimation of Hakka population is difficult to express by statistics, but it can be analyzed from the number of counties in Hakka settlements. Based on the pure Hakka counties listed in Luo Xianglin's Textual Research on the Origin of Hakka, according to the administrative divisions of Ming Dynasty, Hakka people mainly live in Nan 'an, Ganzhou and Tingzhou in Jiangxi. Chaozhou, Li Anping, Shaozhou and Nanxiong in Guangdong. These eight prefectures used to be mountainous areas, with vast territory and sparsely populated areas (except Chaoshan coastal areas), and few county governments. After the Song Dynasty, the number of county governments increased, and the number of counties in the Ming Dynasty increased by 12. The addition of county government is undoubtedly to strengthen the rule, but it must be based on a large number of residents and a high level of production development.
(3) * * Same geographical environment. The border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces are mountainous, with dense forests, blocked traffic and difficult communication, which is very conducive to the formation of Hakkas.
A. The farming economy in small watersheds laid an economic foundation for the formation of Hakkas.
B. customs and habits caused by small watersheds. These immigrants live in small basin mountain villages and get a relatively stable living environment under closed geographical conditions. Their original dialects and customs were preserved after being integrated with the indigenous people.
(4) Same-sex social action. This is a manifestation of the Hakkas' struggle for their own interests, a strong manifestation of group consciousness, and an important foundation for Hakkas to become independent ethnic groups. Hakka settlements in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong are closely linked, with frequent economic exchanges. The resistance of the oppressed echoed each other. The corresponding feudal dynasties also treated this area as a specific political unit when they ruled. The economic source is Meizhou farmland reclaimed by Gannan and Tingzhou people in the Southern Song Dynasty. Political struggles include peasant uprisings led by Fan, Zhou and Li in the Southern Song Dynasty, and anti-Yuan struggles led by Wen Tianxiang in Jiangxi and other places.
5. The formation region and process of Hakka.
At present, the main viewpoints are: Poyang Lake Plain; Gannan: Shicheng; Tingzhou: Shibi Village, Ninghua County; Meizhou: Meixian; Border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong.
(1) Hakka base and base camp: Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region;
(2) The main road of Hakka: Shicheng;
(3) Hakka anchorage: Ganzhou;
(4) Hakka postal kiosk: Shek Pik;
(5) Hakka capital: Tingzhou (before the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties);
(6) Hakka hinterland: more than ten counties with Meizhou as the center;
(7) World Guest Capital: Meizhou.
6. Hakkas
Today, Hakka is one of the most widely distributed ethnic groups in the world, and it is also one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. China has 19 provinces and 265 counties and cities, including 4 pure or basically pure Hakka counties and cities, with a total population of about 55 million. In addition, Hong Kong is about1250,000, and Macau is about 2500.
According to the latest statement, Zhao Tuo in Qin Dynasty was guarding South Guangdong, and Wang Jian sent 100,000 troops, which became the earliest origin of Hakka.