(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...
(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...
(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...
2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable factors.
3. Cause breadth: Cause = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause)
⑴ Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, economic, political and ideological factors within the participants.
⑵ Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors.
The breadth of reasons is basically the same as that of background analysis, with the background focusing on static analysis and the reasons focusing on dynamic analysis.
4. Depth of cause: cause: → direct → main → fundamental.
(1) Direct cause: the most direct accidental factor (fuse, excuse, etc. ) causes the event to happen.
⑵ Main reasons: including subjective and objective factors that triggered the incident.
(3) Roots: historical trends (development of productive forces, requirements of the times)+subjective needs, etc.
There are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration between them. For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was the failure of China's diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes.
5. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction and contradiction between different interest groups. ...
* * * Answer ideas * * *
1 Text expression of the answer
Basic methods: first, the written expression should be correct, neatly arranged and properly spaced; Second, sentences should be fluent, plain and accurate; Third, the form should be "three-oriented", that is, paragraphs, questions and paragraphs, which are concise and intuitive; Key points, one sentence for each score; Serial numbers, different paragraphs and different sentences are marked with different serial numbers, so as to be coherent and clear at a glance.
2 How to analyze the reasons for the success or failure of political reform or reform:
Basic methods: pay attention to four points: first, look at the trend and trend of historical development at that time, and whether the reform or reform conforms to the historical trend and trend; Second, see if the reform policies and measures are correct and can be effectively implemented; Third, look at the power contrast between the old and new forces; Fourth, look at the quality of reformers.
3 clear comparative problem-solving ideas
Basic methods: The characteristic of explicit comparison questions is the certainty of comparison range. When answering questions, we should carefully examine the comparison items and restrictions of the comparison objects, analyze the relationship between the question requirements and the textbook knowledge, and then follow the logical relationship between the setting items.
4 implicit comparative problem solving method
Basic methods: The key to answering this kind of implicit comparison questions is to make a concrete analysis of the comparison object according to the meaning of the questions and try to determine the comparison items by yourself. If it is a comparison of historical events and historical phenomena, the comparison items are generally determined from the aspects of background, cause, process, characteristics, results, influence and nature. If it is a historical figure, the comparison items are generally determined from the aspects of time, class, major achievements, limitations, historical status, and impact evaluation.
5 comparison project determination method
Basic methods: The concept of historical figures can be divided into nationality, age, title, main activities, evaluation and other elements. The concept of historical events can be decomposed into background, time, space, subject, process, meaning and other elements. The historical factors belonging to the concept of historical phenomena are basically the same as those of historical events. However, the process should become the main content or performance. The concept of historical system can be decomposed into background, time, maker, main content, evaluation and other factors. Knowledge belonging to historical revolution can be divided into revolutionary tasks, organizational leadership, struggle program, main forces, methods, nature and results. The knowledge structure that belongs to the result and influence of historical revolution includes progressiveness and limitation.
6. Analysis and evaluation of the causes of social and economic development in ancient China.
Basic methods: To analyze the causes of social and economic development, we can generally start from the following aspects: First, productivity factors, including the improvement of production tools and technology, water conservancy construction, astronomical calendar progress, labor input and so on. Second, the factors of production relations, including the establishment of new modes of production, the adjustment of land policy and the influence of peasant uprising on the landlord class; Third, the factors of superstructure, including centralization, the protection and encouragement of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, the reaction of religious and cultural systems to economic development, and fourth, whether foreign relations and ethnic relations are conducive to economic development; The fifth is to look at social and environmental factors, whether the country is unified and stable; Sixth, geographical factors.
7 Analysis of solving problems of economic characteristics
Basic methods: three points should be paid attention to when analyzing economic characteristics: first, reveal basic characteristics from complex economic phenomena; Secondly, analyze the causes and effects of its characteristics; Third, revealing the characteristic language should be incisive, highly generalized, and derived from and higher than textbooks.
8. Induction and generalization methods in historical question-and-answer expression
Basic methods: The ability to summarize and summarize historical knowledge are two different historical thinking abilities. Induction refers to sorting out numerous or scattered or recurring historical facts according to their similarities, so that they can be understood from complexity to simplicity, from chaos to order, and from individuality to generality. Generalization is to unify historical things with the same attributes and form a regular and universal truth. Induction is the premise of generalization.
9 open-ended question answering method
Basic method: To answer open-ended questions, it needs to be clear: what matters is not what kind of views you hold, but whether you can reasonably demonstrate your own views, that is, whether the arguments are logical, whether the materials and opinions are unified, and whether the reasons are sufficient. Therefore, to answer such a question, we must first determine our own views.
Secondly, we should fully support the viewpoint by summarizing and refining the historical facts, and try to omit the supporting points of the viewpoint. Thirdly, it is necessary to combine history with theory and make a well-founded argument. Fourth, the discussion should be comprehensive. For example, while affirming the positive role of the topic, we should point out the negative role and avoid absolutization.
How to answer the question "What explains" in the subjective question of 10
Basic method: What does the answer say? In fact, it is the ability to grasp the essence of history and reveal the law of historical development. The answer can go like this. (1) What is the purpose of this struggle? What is the function of progress or retrogression? (2) Is the failure of this struggle a historical necessity or an accident? (3) if it is accidental, it means that the struggle is tortuous and complicated, and further conditions should be created; If it is inevitable, it means that this struggle can't be realized at all, which is a fantasy.
1 1 Analyze the background of historical things and historical phenomena.
Basic methods: Historical background is an objective condition that affects and predicts the development trend of things, and it is a summary of the factors that lead to historical events. These factors may be obvious or hidden.
We can start from three aspects: historical factors: whether it is the need of historical development; Realistic factors: whether it meets the needs of reality; Subjective factors: whether it is the need of the subjective will of the parties.
12 the method of combining the solution of the problem with history and theory;
Basic method: Generally speaking, there are three steps to answer essay questions. First of all, judge right and wrong, and show your hungry point of view. Second, list historical facts and explain your own views. In this step, pay attention to the decomposition of the parent viewpoint (that is, the general viewpoint) into several sub-viewpoints, and use the historical facts you have to demonstrate. The expansion of views should be hierarchical, from the surface to the inside, from the simple to the deep, interlocking and logical. Third, we should summarize and sublimate our views appropriately. The combination of history and theory in solving problems mainly depends on proper historical facts as the basis of argumentation and clear viewpoints as the guidance of argumentation; Adhere to the principle of "proceeding from history and taking history as a mirror". "Learning from history" means refining viewpoints from historical facts, and "de-historicizing" means controlling historical facts with viewpoints and unifying them.
13 how to evaluate historical figures
Basic method: Evaluating historical figures is actually evaluating the merits and demerits of their lives. To correctly evaluate a historical figure, we must first comprehensively grasp its historical activities; Secondly, these activities should be divided into positive (or progress, merit) and negative (or reaction, negligence) according to certain standards and principles. For some historical figures, their activities show obvious stages, so they should be evaluated in stages; Third, the criteria and principles of evaluation are: (1) productivity criteria; (2) the materialistic principle of different roles of people and heroes in historical development; don't exaggerate the role of heroes; (3) the viewpoint of class; (4) the viewpoint of the times, that is, to evaluate historical figures under specific historical conditions; if they meet the requirements of the development of the times, they will be affirmed; if they don't, they will be careful not to use modern people. (5) Don't generalize; (6) objective and fair; Don't be emotional; (7) Pay attention to the unity of two-point theory and key theory.