In Song Dynasty, school education was extremely developed, with Guo Zi School and imperial academy as the capitals. In addition, there are highly specialized martial arts, law, arithmetic, painting, calligraphy and medicine. After Song Renzong, states and counties were encouraged to set up schools. When we arrived in Song Huizong, the number of students in counties and counties whose accommodation and meals were borne by the government reached150,000 to 60,000, which was unique in the world at that time.
In addition to government-run schools, private lectures and apprentices have also become a common practice, among which the prosperity of academies is the most striking. There are four so-called academies that are famous in China, namely Shigu, Yuelu, Bailudong and Yingtian Academy.
According to historical records, by the Southern Song Dynasty, many states had academies, such as Shaoxing, Huizhou, Suzhou, Guizhou and Hezhou. The popularization of education is not only an important symbol of Song Wenhua's high development, but also an important reason for Song Wenhua's great achievements. ?
There are countless cultural achievements in the Song Dynasty, among which two important achievements need to be mentioned separately: one is the painting art in the Song Dynasty. Although Zhao Ji can't be an emperor, his great contribution to China's painting art is undeniable. First of all, he is a talented painter and a painter with deep attainments. Secondly, he was the organizer and main sponsor of painting in Song Dynasty.
Because of this origin, a large number of outstanding painters were concentrated in the court of the Song Dynasty. The flowers in the grave, the figures of Li, the landscapes of Mi Fei and Ziyou, and my flowers and birds are all unparalleled in the world. Even from the present perspective, their artistic level can be said to be unprecedented.
Secondly, there is one of the most brilliant arts and crafts in the Song Dynasty, which can't be reached by all previous dynasties, and that is porcelain. The profound cultural background of the Song Dynasty and the rulers' own cultural accomplishment and value orientation made the culture and art condensed on Song porcelain unprecedented. The typical imperial porcelain, represented by the imperial kiln in Song Dynasty, has a light and subtle glaze pigment, and its elegance shows its connotation.
From the aesthetic point of view, its artistic style is elegant, especially loved by westerners. Fine borneol, faintly shining with the light of diamonds, seems to be a violent ice that an artist in the Song Dynasty inadvertently hit through time and space, moist and delicate. Later generations called the five Ming kilns in the Song Dynasty "the eternal farewell".
2. The Golden Age of Science, Technology and Natural Science in Song Dynasty
Joseph Needham, a famous British scholar, said that the Song Dynasty was the golden age of natural science in China. There is no doubt that the science and technology of the Song Dynasty was at the forefront of the world at that time. The great achievements made in science and technology in the Song Dynasty are rare in the history of China. Three great inventions that shocked the world-gunpowder, movable type printing and compass-were born in this period.
These three great inventions have changed the development process of the whole world civilization. In addition, the science and technology of the Song Dynasty also achieved success in many aspects, such as building water conservancy projects and implementing double cropping of rice a year. Tea planting area expanded; Cotton has become a popular crop; Began to use abacus, and has since become the main calculation tool for East Asian businessmen. ......
In the field of astronomy, the Song Dynasty also made brilliant achievements. In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Yang Zhongfu formulated a unified calendar, with 365.2425 days as a year. This figure is exactly the same as that of the western 1582 when the Gregorian calendar was promulgated, only 26 seconds worse than that measured by modern astronomy. It can be seen that the development level of astronomy in Song Dynasty is high.
In the fields of biology and medicine, the Song Dynasty also made outstanding achievements. Under the background of all-round economic and cultural development, the Song government attached great importance to medical services closely related to the health of the general public. The government not only edited and engraved many medical classics, but also asked all counties to promote their application.
Among them, Taiping Shenghui Prescription (volume 100) contains 16834 prescriptions of traditional Chinese medicine, and Shengji Record (volume 200) is a medical encyclopedia, which brings together the theoretical and practical achievements of traditional Chinese medicine in diagnosis, prescription, pulse diagnosis, medication and acupuncture. Zheng He's Materia Medica introduces 1558 kinds of medicinal materials, including 628 kinds of new drugs, which can be said to be a complete pharmaceutical work.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, Song Ci collected and summarized the previous knowledge of forensic medicine, and created a book "Injustice Collection", which involved many aspects of theory and practice, such as injury examination, autopsy, blood type identification, casualty identification and bone examination. At the same time, he also summarized the poison and the methods of treatment and taking poison, which is also the earliest forensic work in the world.
The above is only a small part of the introduction to the achievements in the medical field in the Song Dynasty, from which we can get a glimpse of the level of scientific and technological development in the Song Dynasty.
Extended data
diplomacy
There were frequent foreign enemies in Song Dynasty, and the importance of diplomacy was increasing day by day. According to different diplomatic objects, we should give different hospitality and make it professional. Liao and Jin Dynasties in the north posed a great threat to the Song Dynasty, and its external affairs were mainly handled by the Privy Council, including correspondence, envoy dispatch and all reception matters.
During the Yuanfeng period, the Privy Council moved the northern government soldiers to take charge of the northern border Guo Xin, followed by the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, Guo Xin College was specially set up in the Song Dynasty to communicate with Liao and Jin. Xixia, Korea, Vietnam (Song Dynasty first called it "toe-crossing" and later renamed it "Annan".
During the Song Dynasty, Vietnam was ruled by Ding, Li, Chen and other dynasties. Because the Song Dynasty regarded them as vassal states, the diplomatic documents and gifts issued were called "imperial edicts" or "gifts", and the diplomatic recognition of their country was called "knighthood".
In the Song Dynasty, many diplomatic reception hotels were set up in Beijing as places for the country to receive envoys from various countries. Liao is in Duting Inn, Xixia is in Duting West Inn, Korea is in Wentong Hall of Anzhou Lane outside Liangmen, Uighur and Khotan are in the concierge, and Sanfoqi, Zhenla, Dali, Dashi and other countries are in Zhanyunge or Huaiyuan Inn.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Song Dynasty