Three socialist transformations refer to the socialist transformation of agriculture, capitalist industry and commerce and handicrafts organized by China in the early days of the People's Republic of China. Among them, the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce is the focus of the three major transformations. After the victory of China's new-democratic revolution and the completion of the land system reform, the main domestic contradiction has become the contradiction between the working class and the bourgeoisie, and the contradiction between the socialist road and the capitalist road. The country needs a certain development of capitalist industry and commerce, because it is beneficial to the national economy and people's livelihood; However, capitalist industry and commerce also have some disadvantages to the national economy and people's livelihood, which leads to the struggle between restriction and anti-restriction. In order to gradually lead backward, chaotic and deformed capitalist industry and commerce to the road of socialist transformation, from 65438 to 0953, China decisively carried out large-scale socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce throughout the country. The transformation is divided into two steps: the first step is to transform capitalism into state capitalism; The second step is to transform state capitalism into socialism. 1June, 953, according to the investigation of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China drafted the Opinions on Utilizing, Restricting and Transforming Capitalist Industry and Commerce. In September, Mao Zedong had a discussion with some representatives of democratic parties and business circles, pointing out that state capitalism is the only way to transform capitalist industry and commerce. On June+10, 5438, the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce held a member congress, which conveyed the general line of the CPC in the transitional period and the policy of socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. Under the guidance of the general line in the transitional period, by the end of 1954, most major large private industrial enterprises had been transformed into public-private partnerships through public-private partnerships. In business, when the country has all the important sources of goods, it will be transformed into a state-owned capitalist business by allowing private businesses to carry out distribution and consignment business. 1955 in the second half of the year, many large and medium-sized cities showed the trend of capitalist industrial and commercial public-private partnership. 165438+ 10, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a meeting of the heads of party committees of all provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, which strengthened the leadership of public-private partnership in the whole industry. At this time, the upsurge of agricultural cooperation finally cut off the connection between capitalism and the countryside, and the conditions for capitalist industrial and commercial public-private partnership were ripe. Public-private partnership in the whole industry is the highest form of state capitalism and the decisive step of transforming capitalist ownership into socialist public ownership. 1956 65438+1October 10, Beijing announced for the first time that the whole industry would realize public-private partnership. Then, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Han, Xi, Chongqing, Shenyang and more than 50 medium-sized cities have successively realized the public-private partnership of the whole industry. By the end of the first quarter of 1956, 99% of private industries and 85% of private enterprises in China had basically completed the socialist transformation of capitalist ownership. In the climax of capitalist industrial and commercial transformation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council successively issued a series of instructions, which fully guaranteed the voting rights, work and life of national industrial and commercial workers, and made them reluctantly accept socialism, thus ensuring the smooth progress of capitalist industrial and commercial socialist transformation. In the climax of capitalist industrial and commercial transformation, there are also problems of being too hasty, too fast and too rough. During the same period, China successfully carried out and completed the socialist transformation of agriculture and handicrafts. The successful completion of the three major socialist transformations has created conditions for the transition of new China from a new democratic society to a socialist society.

The victory of the new-democratic revolution in the whole country has created the premise for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China, with Mao Zedong at the core, led the people of all ethnic groups in China to complete the tasks left by the new-democratic revolution, restored the national economy, and made initial achievements in politics, economy and culture, creating conditions for the transition from a new-democratic society to a socialist society. 1953, the people of China, represented by Mao Zedong, combined the principles of Marxist socialist revolution with the concrete practice of China revolution and put forward the general line of the Party in the transitional period. Under the guidance of the general line theory, by the end of 1956, the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce had been successfully completed, the road of socialist transformation suited to China's characteristics was created, Marxist theory was enriched and developed, and the second historic transformation of China in the 20th century was realized. Since then, the socialist system has been established in China, and China has entered the primary stage of socialism.

The new democratic society is not an independent social form, but a transitional society that belongs to the socialist system and gradually transits to the socialist society. China's transformation from a new democratic society to a socialist society was determined by the objective laws of the historical development of modern China. The conditions for the transition to socialism are mainly economic conditions, political conditions and international factors.

First, the economic conditions for the transition to socialism. State-owned economy is an economy run by new democratic countries. The establishment of socialist state-owned economy has enabled the country to grasp the economic lifeline, laid the economic foundation of the people's democratic dictatorship, and also determined the socialist direction of China's economic development; At the same time, it also creates a material premise for overcoming economic difficulties, restoring the national economy, and then carrying out large-scale economic construction and socialist transformation of the entire national economy.

Second, the political conditions for the transition to socialism. Adhering to the leadership of the proletariat and its political parties is the fundamental condition for realizing socialist transformation. The transition from new democracy to socialism is a process in which the proletariat realizes leadership. Adhering to the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought is also a necessary condition for realizing the revolutionary transformation. During the development of new democracy, our party adhered to the leadership of the proletariat and China and the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, which ensured the smooth transition from revolution to socialism ideologically and politically.

Third, the international factors of the transition to socialism. The achievements of Soviet socialist construction and its support for China's construction are favorable international factors for China's transition to socialism. After the victory of World War II, the world socialist movement flourished, and the Soviet Union quickly resumed its economy, especially the formation of the Eastern Group. Socialist countries such as the Soviet Union gave assistance to China's economic recovery and the construction of the First Five-Year Plan. The achievements of Soviet socialist construction and its support for China's construction are favorable international factors for China's transition to socialism.

The accumulation and development of socialist economic and political conditions in the process of new-democratic revolution is the internal motive force of the transformation from new-democratic revolution to socialist revolution, which fundamentally determines the historical inevitability of the transformation from new-democratic revolution to socialist revolution in China.

1953, the people of China, represented by Mao Zedong, combined the principles of Marxist socialist revolution with the concrete practice of China revolution and put forward the general line of the Party in the transitional period. The basic contents of the party's general line in the transitional period include two aspects: on the one hand, it is the main body of the general line to carry out planned large-scale economic construction and realize socialist industrialization; On the other hand, it is to gradually realize the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce, eliminate the system of exploitation and private ownership, and establish a socialist system throughout the country, which are the two wings of the general line. Referred to as "one change and three changes". From 65438 to 0953, under the guidance of the general line in the transitional period, China carried out the first five-year plan to develop the national economy, and at the same time carried out a comprehensive socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce.

First, the socialist transformation of individual agriculture. The socialist transformation of individual agriculture in China is to gradually transform the private ownership of the means of production of individual farmers into socialist collective ownership through mutual assistance and cooperation. In the process of socialist transformation of agriculture, the state guided farmers to unite voluntarily in accordance with the principles of active leadership and steady progress, as well as the principles of voluntary mutual benefit, typical demonstration and state assistance, thus creating a gradual transition form from low-level to high-level, then to semi-socialist primary agricultural production cooperatives and then to socialist advanced agricultural cooperatives after the germination of socialism.

Second, the socialist transformation of individual handicrafts. The socialist transformation of individual handicrafts is also a way to gradually transform the private ownership of the means of production of individual handicrafts into socialist collective ownership through cooperatives. The way adopted is basically the same as the socialist transformation of agriculture.

Third, the socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce. The socialist transformation of capitalist industry and commerce is to gradually transform capitalist private ownership based on the exploitation of workers' surplus labor into socialist ownership by the whole people through state capitalism and "peaceful redemption" After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China implemented the policy of confiscating bureaucratic capital without compensation, and at the same time realized the policy of utilizing, restricting and transforming national capital. The reason why this different policy is adopted for national capital is mainly based on the special historical conditions in China. First of all, the national bourgeoisie in China is a class with two sides. During the bourgeois-democratic revolution, it was revolutionary and compromised. During the socialist period, the working class was exploited for profit, supported the Constitution and was willing to accept reform. Secondly, China's economy is backward and its industry and commerce are underdeveloped, so it is necessary to make use of the positive role of private industry and commerce in the national economy and people's livelihood, which is conducive to the recovery and development of the national economy. Finally, most of the national bourgeoisie in China have different levels of modern scientific and cultural knowledge, and peaceful transformation will help to give full play to their knowledge and talents and serve socialist construction.

The decisive victory in the socialist transformation of private ownership of the means of production in China has fundamentally changed the economic structure of our society, with the socialist economic component taking an absolute advantage and the socialist public ownership becoming the economic foundation of our country. The socialist political system, economic system and the guiding position of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought in the ideological field constitute the basic system of socialism in China. Since then, China has successfully completed the transition from new democracy to socialism.