Chinese name: diving

Chinese pinyin: Qin Shuǐ

English name: diving

Basic explanation:

Diving skills

[Diving] [Geology]: Saturated groundwater

Diving skills

1. [Diving]: Hide in the water

diving suit

2. [Go under the water; Dive]: move below the surface of the water

dive

Explain in detail:

1. Also called "diving". 1. Hide in the water.

Southern Liang's "Wen Xin Diao Long Hidden Repair": "Therefore, the mutual body becomes stubborn and turns into four elephants; I wish Yu Qian, and Lan Biao Fiona Fang. "

2. Move below the water surface.

Jin Jin's duckling learns to swim: "She looks like diving, swimming forward, turning corners, and many other tricks." Science Illustrated No.8, 1983: "Diving can be divided into two categories: one is practical diving, which is applied to underwater fishing, underwater exploration and underwater operation; The other category is athletics diving, which is dominated by competitions, including racing diving and underwater hockey. "

3. Groundwater is hidden in the first underground aquiclude.

meaning

The original intention of diving is to enter the water surface for underwater exploration, salvage, repair and underwater engineering with or without professional tools. Post-diving has gradually developed into a leisure sport with underwater activities as the main content, so as to achieve the purpose of physical exercise and leisure and entertainment, which is widely loved by the public. After entering the Internet era, with the continuous popularization of network applications, the public has given diving a new meaning, that is, a single individual or behavior that secretly watches * * * to enjoy information or leave messages without others knowing, and does not actively expose his identity, release information or reply to others' information. However, from a geographical point of view, diving also refers to groundwater buried above the first aquiclude.

[Edit this paragraph] [Diving history]

Drifting to the bottom of the sea is a long-standing wish of people. As early as 2,800 years ago, in the heyday of Mesopotamia, the armies of the Azria Empire washed the air with sheepskin bags and attacked the enemy from the water. This may be the ancestor of diving. In 1700 years ago, in China's history book "Biography of Japanese in Wei Zhi", there were already records of fishermen diving and fishing in the sea. At 1720, an Englishman dived to a depth of 20 meters with a custom-made wooden bucket and successfully salvaged the seabed.

Divers discovered the sea dragon. Today, the predecessor of professional diving is 160 years ago, the mechanical diving invented by Guo Mengbei in Britain to transport air from a pump, which is helmet diving. This kind of diving first appeared in Japan at 1854. 1924 glass is used as a diving mirror, and a mask submersible is used to suck air from the water. This is the predecessor of scuba diving equipment. In this year, the Japanese used a mask submersible to dive 70 meters to the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, and successfully picked up the gold nuggets in the sunken ship Yasaka, which shocked the world. During World War II, a special military "air-hood submersible" was developed, which adopted a closed circulation device with an air bottle. At the end of World War II, France developed an open-air submersible, which was very popular in Europe and America around 1945. In recent years, due to the progress of diving equipment, diving has flourished, and more and more people have participated in diving and liked diving.

[Edit this paragraph] [Diving equipment]

All the equipment that divers wear and hang when launching. There are two kinds: heavy and light. There are helmets, gas pipelines, communication cables, telephones, diving suits, lead-pressed diving shoes, etc. Light masks (light helmets are also available), gas pipelines, communication cables, telephones, emergency gas cylinders, diving suits, waist lead, boots and flippers, etc. When using heavy diving equipment to work in the water, you must step on the bottom of the water or hold the cable by hand, and you can't work in the air. The danger of drifting (that is, there is too much gas in the diving suit and it suddenly rises rapidly due to out of control) is great, so heavy diving equipment has been gradually replaced by light ones.

[Edit this paragraph] [Buoyancy application]

For an object placed in water, the buoyancy it receives is equal to the weight of the water it displaces. If the weight of water displaced by an object in water is greater than the weight of the object itself, the object will float on the water surface, which is called positive buoyancy. Conversely, sinking is called negative buoyancy. If the weight of the water discharged by an object is equal to the weight of the object itself, the object will be suspended in the water to achieve neutral buoyancy.

When diving, it is very important to learn to control the buoyancy on the surface and bottom. For example, when resting on the water, positive buoyancy can save physical strength, while when underwater, you need to maintain neutral buoyancy most of the time, so that you can swim freely in the water, maintain good visibility and avoid hurting you and fragile creatures in the water.

Divers can adjust buoyancy by counterweight, buoyancy control device (BC) and breathing depth.

[Edit this paragraph] [Diving type]

Submersibles are divided into hard diving, soft diving, semi-closed air supply, on-demand air supply and self-sufficient air supply.

According to diving methods: unsaturated diving and saturated diving; Breathing gases are divided into air diving, nitrogen, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving), helium, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving), hydrogen, oxygen mixed gas (artificial air diving) and other mixed gases.

Diving activities are divided into professional diving and leisure diving in nature.

Professional diving mainly refers to underwater engineering, underwater salvage, underwater exploration and other diving activities that require experienced professional divers. Leisure diving refers to diving activities for underwater sightseeing and entertainment, which are divided into snorkeling and scuba diving. (that is, diving with gas cylinders and scuba diving. ) The diving sightseeing we can usually get in touch with belongs to leisure diving, and what we see in seaside attractions is mostly the diving experience in leisure diving.

Snorkeling is relatively simple. You can float on the water with a mirror, breathing tube and flippers, and then watch the underwater landscape through the mirror. Snorkeling activities can be carried out at home and abroad only through simple training, and it is not necessary to obtain a snorkeling certificate.

Scuba diving is a kind of diving with a compressed air bottle (not many people think it is an oxygen bottle) and an underwater respirator to breathe underwater. This is a real dive. A complete set of scuba diving equipment includes face mirror, breathing tube, flippers, respirator, diving equipment, gas cylinder, buoyancy control vest and diving suit. When diving in open water, divers will also carry diving knives, underwater flashlights and even fish guns and other necessary auxiliary equipment.

[Edit this paragraph] [Free diving]

One. [Definition of free diving]

What is free diving? Free diving means diving into the sea as deep as possible without carrying a gas cylinder, like a fish. For many people, "Ayida" is Verdi's opera, performed by a female singer with amazing lung capacity, while for others, "Ayida" is an organization (association international pour le development de l 'apnee), an organization of free divers. Find a sunken ship

Two. [Characteristics of free diving]

Extreme sports such as rock climbing and bungee jumping are not as challenging and dangerous as free diving. In fact, this sport has a long history. Long ago, people dived into the bottom of the sea in search of food and treasure. Italian diver Marberto Pirizri said: "Free diving is a long jump into the soul without gravity, color and sound."

The diving experience in Pirizri

1999, Piriri dived to a depth of150m. He dived into the water and swam back in one breath. He extended the record held by compatriot Jonani by12m. In June 2000, 5438+ 10, Cuban Francisco Ferreira set a new record of 162 meters in the Gulf of Mexico, which took 3 minutes 12 seconds. The day he dived was his 38th birthday.

Pirizri is 34 years old this year. When he was a child, he was afraid of water and didn't even want to take a bath. But now he can hold his breath in the water for 7 minutes and 2 seconds (the record of Frenchman Andy Lars is 7 minutes and 35 seconds). Although this shows that his lungs are different from ordinary people, Pirizri said, "What is more important is whether your ears can withstand the pressure of deep water, your muscles and your mental preparation. Your muscle fibers should be thin and long, so you consume less oxygen, and you have to eliminate fear and anxiety. "

[Free diving record]

The purest kind of free diving is called "equal weight" diving, which means that divers keep their own gravity unchanged when diving and floating, and the corresponding is called "unlimited diving". Divers use gravity devices when diving and buoyancy devices when floating. Of course, both kinds of diving need a guide with a gas bottle. Pirizri's constant weight diving record is 80 meters, and the world record is 8 1 meter held by a Hawaiian resident Barrett Remaster.

[Tanya Studt]

Tanya Studt, the best female freestyle diver in the world, also lives in Hawaii. She holds the women's 67m "equal weight" diving record, and her "unlimited" diving performance reaches113m, which is the first-class level of men's free diving in the world. In the "free immersion" competition, she is the world champion, with a score of 55 meters, which is 3 meters deeper than the best in the men's world. This sport requires divers to use only their arms, not flippers.

Studt believes that there is no physiological reason why women can't dive as deep as men, but women feel more pain and feel their limits faster. She hopes to raise her record of "unlimited diving" to 122 meters. It costs about $35,000 to complete such a dive, including boats, training, referees, safety guides and equipment. All free divers' ears need special protection against water pressure. During diving, their heart rate will drop to 10 beats per minute, and their lungs will shrink to 1/6.

[words from AIDA headquarters and its chairman]

Burstein Nadjir, chairman of AIDA based in Lausanne, said that there are an estimated 5,000 free divers in 40 countries around the world. Nadgil said: "People who want to dive should remember two things. One is not to train alone, and the other is not to train with inexperienced people. The safest training method for free diving is waterless training, and even the champion is the best training. " Yes, the most common training methods for free divers are yoga, long-distance running and gymnastics.

[Edit this paragraph] [Engineering diving]

Engineering diving mainly refers to underwater engineering operations such as rivers, lakes, oceans and reservoirs, but now engineering diving is more for offshore oil production. General technical tools include underwater video recording equipment, underwater welding and cutting equipment, light and heavy diving equipment, underwater splitting concrete equipment, etc. Diving technicians are required to obtain professional qualification certificates, have diving experience, and have certain requirements for underwater operation depth.

The scope includes underwater operation of wharf and bridge construction, detection and repair of reservoirs and dams, underwater inspection and maintenance of hull and wharf, underwater welding and cutting, underwater salvage and obstacle removal, underwater pipeline laying, underwater video recording, etc. Provide services for various owners and construction units such as ports, bridges, shipyards, power plants and reservoirs.

Due to the long operation time, high intensity and high safety requirements, engineering diving (also known as commercial diving) generally adopts the form of surface pipeline replenishment. Tube-supplied diving, that is, the diver breathes the gas in the water through the umbilical tube surface gas storage device, has the advantages of large gas supply, long operation time and emergency recovery from the water surface compared with scuba (self-contained underwater diving device) commonly used for leisure diving.

Due to the anesthetic effect of nitrogen, China stipulates that the diving of air or mixed gas of nitrogen and oxygen shall not exceed 60m (the international standard is generally 50m). Helium is generally used to replace nitrogen as a neutral breathing gas for deeper diving, and hydrogen-oxygen mixture is not used for safety reasons.

Generally speaking, the diving depth of helium-oxygen mixture can reach about 100m, and it is not used to reach a deeper depth because of the long underwater decompression time. At present, the diving equipment system of helium-oxygen mixture usually adopts open clock or closed clock.

To reach a deeper depth, saturated diving technology must be adopted. At present, commercial saturated diving has been compared with saturated diving, and the above diving is unsaturated diving. The so-called saturated diving means that people stay underwater for more than a certain limit, so that the breathing gas under the depth and pressure of the human body is fully dissolved in the human body and the partial pressure of the gas is balanced. This enables people to overcome decompression sickness and work and live in underwater and underwater living cabins with considerable pressure for dozens of days or even longer.

Saturated Diving The first independent saturated diving in China was completed by Shanghai Salvage Bureau of Ministry of Communications on February 30th, 2006.

[Edit this paragraph] [Diving organization]

As diving became more and more popular, many diving organizations came into being. At present, there are hundreds of diving organizations in the world. Due to different business strategies and methods, its popularity, popularity and degree of internationalization are also different. The following are some well-known international diving organizations.

Leisure diving

PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) was founded in 1966, and its education system is popular in all regions of the world. PADI focuses on the development and design of scuba diving training courses and training materials, and maintains and records the information of divers at each level in detail, hoping to establish a diver qualification certification system with global credibility.

NAUI (International Association of Water Coaches) was founded in 1960, and its education system is popular in all regions of the world. NAUI is composed of many members, including: diving master, teaching assistant, snorkeling coach and diving coach. NAUI stands for "training quality", "coaching ability" and "implementing diving safety through education".

CMAS (World Water Activities Alliance) was founded in 1958, and its education system is popular in all regions of the world. Most diving organizations cross-examine the qualifications and grades of divers with CMAS. A few diving organizations are members of CMAS technical committee. CMAS has set up three committees. The "Sports Committee" is responsible for coordinating all member countries and formulating international competition rules for fishing, web swimming, water polo and water polo. The "Technical Committee" is responsible for formulating "standardized" diving training rules and international certification system; It is also responsible for promoting and improving the research and development of high-tech materials and diving equipment related to scuba diving safety. The "Scientific Committee" provides funds to carry out the research plan of "diving technology".

YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association) was founded in 1959, and its education system is popular in North America, Central America, Southern Europe and Northeast Asia. According to CNCA (National Committee for the Promotion of Underwater Sports) "Guide to the Development of Underwater Respirators", a high-standard safety diving training course was developed, which is called "Y-SCUBA" for short. 1990, YMCA provided a full scholarship for the diving instructor course at Mount seapaul State University in Indiana, USA.

ADS (International Association of Diving Schools) was founded in 1980, and its education system is popular in Taiwan Province Province, Japan, Palau and other Pacific island arc areas. Its purpose is to instill correct diving knowledge and skills and the concept of safe diving. This is a school specializing in diving education.

BSAC (British Diving Association) was founded in 1953, and its education system is popular in the British Association, Europe and Northeast Asian countries. Its nature is similar to that of an enterprise consortium, and the profits from its organization and operation must be used for the research and development of diving safety for the benefit of diving enthusiasts. During the period of 1954- 1955, BSAC developed rapidly in Britain and became the authoritative organization for water sports policy guidance in Britain. And "BSAC diving training school system" was established in 1976.

BSAC Diving School: This is an independent commercial organization, which is authorized by BSAC to train and grant BSAC diving qualification certification.

"technical diving"

PSA (professional scuba diving series) was established in 1987, and its education system is popular in North America. PSA makes use of the knowledge and experience derived from scuba diving in the air, sets strict safety standards, provides appropriate technical diving training, and extends the diving field of leisure divers in the safest way.

TDI (Technical Diver International Organization) was founded in 1994, and its education system is popular in North America, South America, Europe, Central Asia, North Asia and the Middle East. The core managers of TDI have spent more than 20 years in the field of sunfish diving, and have made great technical discoveries: TDI has developed a wide range of technical diving training courses, and provided education and training in technical diving fields such as nitrogen oxides, mixed gases and deep air. Has many supporting teaching materials and popular prices.

IANTD (International Association of Mixed Nitrogen and Oxygen Divers and Technical Divers) was founded in 1985, and its education system is popular in North America, Britain, Europe, Africa and Asia. IANTD formulates high-quality "standards and procedures" to standardize the education and training of EANx. 1992, IANTD began to compile systematic technical diving related teaching materials, including: diver training manuals at all levels and various technical diving reference tables (PO2, CNS/OUT%, EAD, heilium, EANx).

ANDI (American international mixed nitrogen and oxygen diver organization) was founded in 1989, and its education system is popular in North America, Europe, the Middle East and North Asia. ANDI, formerly known as "American Nitrogen-Oxygen Mixer Divers Association", aims to promote the standard formulation and education and training of "hyperoxia" breathing gas, so that divers in the leisure diving field can use it safely under the correct guidance of technical diving instructors. It has been developed for more than 40 years. After rigorous testing by the US Navy and NOAA, the EANx(NITROX) diving breathing gas for diving activities has been developed. ANDI has formulated the preparation procedures and inspection standards for breathing EANx gas, and registered the trademark as "SafeAirTM". The EANx breathing gas produced according to ANDI specification is called "safe air".

[Edit this paragraph] [Diving]

Title: Diving

English: diving

Subject: hydrogeology

Explanation: Groundwater with free water surface below the surface and above the first stable aquiclude. Diving has a free water surface, and the distance from the water surface to the diving surface is the depth of diving. There is no continuous aquiclude, no pressure or only partial pressure above the phreatic layer. Precipitation and surface water are supplemented by the infiltration of seepage zone. Diving is an important water supply source, which is usually shallow buried, widely distributed and easy to exploit. But it is easy to be polluted and should be protected.

[Edit this paragraph] [Network terminology]

One. Diving refers to the behavior of not going online (online) or landing invisibly without making comments, which is often used in online discussions such as BBS and QQ group, Baidu group and other instant messaging software groups. Also known as "TK".

Two. There is water in the forum, so you can dive naturally, especially those who just look at it and don't reply. Because this kind of behavior is extremely unfavorable to the popularity of the forum, it is also the most hated by forum managers and active posters. If a diver who has not spoken for a long time suddenly speaks, it is called floating.