Ruguan porcelain disappeared for more than 800 years from the war to the 1970s. Ru Ci and Ruyao porcelain (bean green glaze) has been continuously continued and developed because of its use value and popularity among the people. The prosperity of Ru Ci No.1 Factory and the brilliance of Ru Ci No.2 Factory are all signs that Ru Ci and Ru Ci have developed to a certain extent. Entering the 2 1 century, with the trend of reform and opening up, Ru Ci first developed rapidly, flying from Ruzhou to all parts of the country and all over the world, and then combining Ru Ci with modern aesthetic tastes, a series of modern Ru Ci products, such as spray painting, hand painting and sculpture, appeared, which sold well in every corner of China and all over the world, and even the major porcelain kilns in Tangshan, Chaozhou and Jingdezhen competed to imitate Ru Ci. However, Ruzhou ceramic artists with a history of 6,000 years have been constantly innovating products, applying for patents and strengthening intellectual property rights, so that imitators are always one step behind in technology and variety. No wonder a famous ceramic painter praised: "Ru Tao came out of Ruzhou, and its beauty was handed down from generation to generation 6,000 years ago."
China, with a history of about 10,000 years, is one of the earliest countries in the world. In the Neolithic Age, ancestors began to settle down, and the needs of daily life such as water storage and water storage prompted the invention of pottery. Pottery is widely distributed in China, mainly in the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin. As one of the birthplaces of Chinese culture, Ruzhou is surrounded by rich clay and dense forests, and there are a large number of main raw materials such as potassium albite, feldspar sandstone, calcite, pyrophyllite, fluorite, hard kaolin and soft kaolin. Moreover, its vast territory and unique resource advantages have provided convenient conditions for ceramic production here, which has enabled Ruzhou to produce splendid pottery art and fire unique ceramics since the Neolithic Age.
Ru Ci products made in primitive society were first kneaded into a certain shape by hand, then developed into mud strips with the same thickness, and then the mud strips were built into a certain shape, and the inside and outside were smoothed by hand. The excavation of Huaishuyin site in Ruzhou City can prove this point. Huaishuyin Site is located in Huaishuyin Village, Xi 'er Sub-district Office, Ruzhou City, which belongs to Peiligang Cultural Period and has a history of 6000 years. There are two kinds of pottery unearthed in the site: sand pottery and argillaceous pottery. Among them, argillaceous red pottery is the most, followed by sandy red pottery, less argillaceous gray pottery and more carbonaceous clay. Pottery is exquisitely made, all by hand, and the method of clay lathing is often used. The traces of mud bars can be clearly seen inside individual objects, and after being made into ceramic blanks, they are decorated and polished outside. The bottom of the equipment is thick, not trimmed, and the wall is thin and uneven. The firing temperature is low, the texture of pottery is loose, and the newly unearthed pottery pieces are ground into powder. Most of the collected relics are pottery fragments, such as three-legged pots, deep-bellied pots and high-necked pots. Most of the surfaces are plain, some are polished and few are decorated. Common in sand-mixed pottery, dotted, linear and additional nail lines. At this time, the production technology of Ru Ci products is simple and artistic.
During the transition period from Peiligang culture to Yangshao culture, the variety of products in Ru Ci increased, and simple black pottery and gray pottery products appeared. Rutao in this period is represented by the remains of Zhongshanzhai site. Zhongshanzhai site is located in Zhongshan Village, Zhifang Township, Ruzhou City. The pottery unearthed in this site is mainly fine clay red pottery and coarse sand red pottery, followed by black pottery and gray pottery, which reflects the quality characteristics of Ru Ci in the early Yangshao culture in Neolithic Age.
Yangshao culture is a representative cultural type in the Neolithic Age. The appearance of "Ru Tao culture" characterized by painted pottery made Ru Tao culture reach its most prosperous period. During this period, the site of Shende Palace (located in Angou Village, Jiaocun Town, Ruzhou City) unearthed Ru Ci has made great progress in both modeling and firing level. Clay red pottery is the most common pottery, followed by red pottery with sand and clay gray pottery. Muddy red pottery is decorated with lines and paintings, and has many plain faces; Red pottery with sand, coarse sand, pure mud and hard texture. The vessels are hand-made and wheel-made, and most of them have Tao Pai's marks and scratches. It is rare to add velvet lines to the shoulders and abdomen of utensils. The decorative pattern of utensils is relatively simple. There are clay red pottery pointed bottom bottles, red pottery pots, flat-bottomed red pottery bowls with straight mouths and broken bellies, painted pottery pots, broken bellies and pot-shaped ding.
During the Yangshao culture period, the appearance of colorful pottery pots with stork axes became the masterpiece of Ru Tao art, which pushed Ru Tao art to the most prosperous development period. Ruzhou Pottery Pot was unearthed in the site of Yan Village 6000 years ago (located in Yan Village, Zhifang Township, Ruzhou City). Open mouth, round lips, deep abdomen, height 47 cm, diameter 32.7 cm, base diameter 19.5 cm. There are six symmetrical nose buttons under the edge of the jar. On the belly of this sand red clay pot, there is a pottery painting with a height of 37 cm and a width of 44 cm. From the content, this pottery painting can be divided into two groups: one is a stork with a fish in its mouth, and the other is a stone axe with a handle. Storks are oval, with round eyes, a long straight mouth, an upright head and a slightly backward body. There is a big fish in his mouth, lifelike, simple and beautiful. The stone axe is tied to an upright wooden stick with four round holes for fixing the stone axe with ropes. There is an X-shaped symbol in the middle of the stick, and the handle is carved with a sharp weapon. This is the highest representative of the painting level in Heluo area during the Yanhuang period-The Map of the Stork and the Axe, which is known as the originator of China's freehand brushwork. In 2003, the State Council announced 67 immovable national treasures, among which storks, stone axes and ru pottery jars ranked first. They are the first batch of cultural relics prohibited from going abroad in National Cultural Heritage Administration, and are now collected in the Chinese History Museum.
In Hongshan Temple site (located in Hongshan Temple Village, Jingshan Park Office, Ruzhou City) to which Yangshao culture belongs, a large number of Ru Ci artifacts have also been unearthed, mainly including jars with big mouths, bottles with small mouths and pointed bottoms, pots and bowls. In the decoration of pottery appearance, there are many beak-shaped small wrenches on the edge of the cylinder and cover. A large number of relief and painted patterns were found on the pottery pots unearthed in this site, most of which were painted in black, including arc patterns, triangle patterns, broadband patterns and bird patterns. On the outer wall of a clay pot, there is a man made of yellow clay. Unfortunately, because the jar has been broken, there is only one leg and one foot left, and the length of the leg is 13 cm. But from the modeling point of view, it is obviously a part of the embossed characters on the pottery jar. In addition, there are some pottery sculptures representing human organs. For example, in the site of Hongshan Temple, among the nude figures painted on the cylinder W39: 1, there is a male genitalia which is made of clay strips under the lower abdomen, with a large body and a long slot carved in the middle. Because it is impossible to draw the three-dimensional shape of male reproduction on the plane, it can only be shaped with clay strips. In order to highlight the reproductive function of human beings, the male genitalia was specially shaped with clay strips. In the description of animals, we also firmly grasp the local characteristics of animals. The embossed gecko on the painted pottery jar of Hongshan Temple in Ruzhou clings to the mouth edge of the pottery jar, with a flat head, a slightly open mouth, symmetrical limbs bent on the wall, and a focused look, which looks like hunting. The whole body is knife-cut, with prominent edges and corners and precise shape. It is impossible to sculpt such a vivid life without carefully observing the real thing. Combined with the remains of painted figures on the pottery pots of Hongshan Temple, people did not pursue the perfection of the overall image of the characters in artistic creation at that time, but deliberately expressed some characteristics of the characters. For example, in the painted patterns on pottery pots unearthed from Hongshan Temple site, a group of faces are painted on M 1W7 1; Draw a person's palm on W 104; Deliberately draw the image of a runner on W42. The characters have all limbs, but only the outline is drawn, and the five senses are not drawn. In addition, several pottery pots are painted with groups of male root patterns. There are some huge male root lines painted on Ru Tao unearthed from Hongshan Temple, which are only found in prehistoric archaeological culture and may be one of the sources of China's sex culture.
By the time of Longshan Culture about 5000-4000 years ago, another great invention-black pottery appeared in Ru Ci's art after painted pottery. Ru Ci art in this period is mainly embodied in Zhangda Site (located in Zhang Cun, Lingtou Township, Ruzhou City), which belongs to the late Yangshao culture and the early Longshan culture. Ru Ci unearthed in this site is dominated by mixed sand red pottery and argillaceous red pottery, followed by mixed sand gray pottery and argillaceous gray pottery, with a small amount of black pottery. Red Tao Tao soil is purer, followed by mixed sand pottery. Painted pottery is all fragments. Gray pottery and black gray clay seem to be washed, with high temperature, hard texture, stripes and fine lines. There are several kinds of utensils, such as broken belly jar, painted pottery basin, big lipstick pottery jar, etc. There are two kinds of appliances: split and wheeled. The hard texture of utensils and the method of making wheels are the progress of your pottery making in this period, and they are also the characteristics of your pottery making art in the patriarchal society.
A complete pottery furnace was excavated in the Jingshan Park site of Longshan culture (located in the Jingshan Park Office of Ruzhou City). The pottery furnace is hard in texture and scientific in design, and has two air ducts. It can be seen that the pottery making technology has been perfected at this time.
The Han Dynasty was an important turning point in the history of China ceramics, which also had a far-reaching influence on Ru Ci art. At this time, your pottery was no longer confined to containers, but was widely used, which can be roughly divided into daily necessities, buildings, martyrdom and sacrificial vessels. It became a custom for people in Han Dynasty to attach importance to tombs. Sacrificial articles are rich and exquisite, so they are called "ritual vessels". The difference between them is that they are specially used for the dead in the underworld rather than for the living. In the Han Formation in Zhangzhuang, northern Ruzhou, there are common pottery pots, pots, broken belly pots, furnace pots and retort pots. Unearthed in the Han Dynasty. Some objects are also coated with a layer of green glaze, and the firing temperature of the glaze is about 800℃, which is a low-temperature glaze. These Ru Ci shapes are rich and full, and many of them imitate the shapes of bronzes, which can be regarded as the transition from pottery to porcelain.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, when the industrious and intelligent Ruzhou people made your pottery with clay, they made a different kind of pottery product because of the high temperature. The surface is smooth and delicate, and the color is charming, which is rare in the world, and inspires the intelligent skills of Ruzhou pottery makers. Through continuous exploration and improvement, this discovery is becoming more and more mature, and a new artistic variety-Ru Ci has been formed. Ru Ci was first burned in the mid-Tang Dynasty and was famous in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty in China, it ranked first among five famous kilns: Ru kiln, Guan kiln, Jun kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. At that time, there were many ancient kiln sites burning celadon in Ruzhou, which formed a prosperous scene of "hundreds of miles of mountains and rivers on both sides of Ruhe River are on fire everywhere". Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Ru Ci Palace has been using utensils, which are hidden in the library. If it is a treasure, it is more expensive than Shangyi Zhou Ding, and there is a saying that "although rich, it is not as good as Ru Ci", which shows the preciousness of Ru Ci. At this time, because of Ru Ci's fame, Ru Tao with a long history gradually became unknown.
From Ru Tao to Ru Ci, it represents two stages in Ruzhou ceramic history and bears witness to Ruzhou's long history. Looking at the historical development of Ru Tao, it is no exaggeration to say that it is not only a treasure of ancient art in China, but also occupies an important position in the history of world culture and art. It is a precious cultural heritage of all mankind and a glorious chapter in the history of human civilization.