In 20 1 1 year, the central government and the State Council formulated the Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Reform of Public Institutions by Classification, which was published in April of 20 12, explicitly requiring the reform of public institutions to be based on scientific classification, and classifying existing public institutions into three categories according to their social functions: undertaking administrative functions, engaging in production and business activities and engaging in public services.
Since the reform and opening up, the reform of public institutions in China has gone through the following four stages:
The first stage (1978 ~ 2001):1978 People's Daily and other newspapers proposed that public institutions should implement "enterprise management", which opened the prelude to the reform of public institutions in China. In the mid-1980s, the reform began to be carried out systematically. During the period of 1985, the state successively issued policies related to the reform of public institutions: the decision on the reform of science and technology system in March, the report on some policy issues concerning the reform of health work in April, the decision on the reform of education system in May and the opinions on the reform of artistic performance groups. 1996 "opinions of the central organization establishment Committee on some issues concerning institutional reform of public institutions" was issued. Among them, scientific and technological reform is the forefront of reform at this stage. 1992, the former state science and technology commission and other ministries and commissions issued "several opinions on diverting talents, adjusting structure and further deepening the reform of science and technology system" to stably support basic research and basic technology work; Liberalize technology development institutions, social welfare institutions and science and technology service institutions; Basically complete the structural adjustment of the science and technology system. At the same time, it is required to respect knowledge and talents, and fully mobilize and give play to the initiative, enthusiasm and creativity of the majority of scientific and technological personnel. 1999, the Central the State Council made the Decision on Strengthening Technological Innovation, Developing High-tech and Realizing Industrialization, which made a more comprehensive and systematic arrangement for the reform of scientific research institutes and made clear the reform and development direction of various scientific research institutions.
The characteristics of the reform of public institutions at this stage are as follows: first, gradually establish the separation of government from enterprises as the main line, socialization as the direction, and classified reform as the promotion strategy. Second, the problem of rigid mechanism and low efficiency has been improved to some extent. Third, the problem of rapid expansion of public institutions has been gradually solved (since the reform and opening up, the number of public institutions in China has increased from 65,438+11million to 21570,000 in 1990, and then to 30 million at the beginning of the new millennium, with an increase of 60 people.
However, compared with the reform of government and state-owned enterprises, the reform of public institutions is obviously lagging behind, and some outstanding problems have emerged in the process of reform: no distinction between government affairs, no distinction between enterprises and affairs, no distinction between management and operation, inefficient allocation of resources, and declining fairness of services, especially "excessive marketization".
The second stage (2002~2006): The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to reform the management system of public institutions according to the principle of separating government from enterprise. Immediately after the Third Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee proposed to continue to promote the reform of public institutions, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal of the Central Committee on Formulating the Eleventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development. In 2006, with the approval of the State Council, the Office of the Central Organization Establishment Committee formulated the Pilot Program of Classification and Related Reform of Public Institutions, put forward the classification framework and suggestions of classification reform of public institutions, and planned to select some areas to carry out pilot reform. On this basis, some provinces and cities have formulated classification reform plans and carried out pilot work of thorough investigation, rectification and simulated classification reform. For example, in Shenzhen, the reform of public institutions in 2006 classified the original public institutions into three categories: business services, supervision and management, and public welfare undertakings, and carried out classified reforms in different ways, such as transforming enterprises into restructuring, incorporating them into administrative sequences, and retaining or revoking them. 5 18 classification of municipal institutions: 28 were included in the administrative category, 24 were transferred to enterprises 124, 27 were revoked and 339 were retained.
Accordingly, reforms in personnel system, income distribution system, endowment insurance system and fiscal policy have been promoted to varying degrees. On February 9, 2006, the former Ministry of Personnel issued and implemented the Interim Provisions on Open Recruitment of Public Institutions, which made special provisions for the recruitment of public institutions for the first time. In 2002, the employment system was implemented and continuously promoted. At the same time, the post setting management system was implemented on June 5438+065438+ 10, 2006, and two basic personnel systems, employment system and post management, began to take shape, which laid the foundation for the transformation from fixed employment to contract system and from identity management to post management, and realized the rise and fall of posts, the entry and exit of personnel and the high and low treatment. Since July 2006, the income distribution system of staff in public institutions has been reformed, and the post performance salary system has been established. The reform of the old-age insurance system and fiscal policy has also been explored and partially piloted.
The third stage (2007~20 1 1): The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to speed up the reform of the administrative management system, build a service-oriented government, and accelerate the reform of the classification of public institutions. The Opinions of the Second Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee on Deepening the Reform of the Administrative Management System pointed out that it is necessary to promote the classified reform of public institutions in accordance with the principles of separating government affairs, separating government from enterprises, and separating management from office. In June, 2008, 165438+ 10, the Central Committee issued the Opinions on the Pilot Classification of Public Institutions. In the same year, Shanxi, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Guangdong and Chongqing launched a pilot reform of the classification of public institutions.
The reform of the personnel system continued. First, the scope of implementation of the employment system is constantly expanding. As of 20 1 1, 90% of the staff of public institutions in China have signed employment contracts; Second, the implementation of the post setting management system has been carried out in an all-round way, and 3 1 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities across the country have begun to implement it; Third, the open recruitment system was implemented steadily. The number of people who participated in the open recruitment of public institutions in China exceeded18.5 million, and the actual employment was1840,000.
In terms of income system, performance pay was implemented in institutions in three steps in 2009: in June 2009, 65438+ 10/in compulsory education schools; With the reform of medical and health system, it has been implemented in public health and primary medical and health institutions since June, 2009. 20 10 1, implemented in other institutions.
The fourth stage (from 20 12 to now): On April/0/6, 2065438, the Guiding Opinions of Central the State Council on Promoting the Reform of Public Institutions by Classification was released publicly, which made an overall arrangement on the significance, guiding ideology, basic principles, overall objectives and main contents of the reform, emphasizing that scientific classification is the basis of the reform. Existing institutions are divided into three categories according to social functions: undertaking administrative functions, engaging in production and business activities and engaging in public services (hereinafter referred to as administrative categories, public institutions and public services). Among them, public service institutions are subdivided into public service category I and public service category II according to their responsibilities, tasks, service objects and resource allocation methods.
The phased goal of the reform is to complete the classification of public institutions on the basis of cleaning up the norms by 20 15 years. The overall goal is to establish a management system and operating mechanism of public institutions with clear functions, efficient operation, perfect governance and strong supervision by 2020, build a new pattern of public welfare services led by the government and widely participated by social forces, and form a public welfare service system with China characteristics, with priority to basic services, appropriate supply level, reasonable layout and structure and fair and just services.
The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further put forward the requirement of promoting the reform of public institutions by classification. The Decision of the Central Committee on Several Major Issues of Comprehensively Deepening Reform adopted at the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee proposes to speed up the classified reform of public institutions, straighten out the relationship between public institutions and competent departments, establish the corporate governance structure of public institutions, increase the government's efforts to purchase public services, and establish a unified registration management system for various public institutions. At the same time, the specific requirements for the reform of public institutions are put forward in education, health, culture, social security reform and talent team construction. The reform of public institutions will be further promoted under the background of comprehensively deepening reform.