1 refers to1a revolution in which the factory system with machines as the main body replaced the manual workshops based on manual technology in industrial production in the 9th century.

2. It all started with the birth of the working machine, which is marked by the widespread use of the steam engine as a power machine. This technological revolution and related changes in social relations are called the first industrial revolution or industrial revolution.

3. The factory system replaced the manual workshop, and manual labor was replaced by machines; In social relations, the industrial revolution made the yeoman peasant class attached to the backward mode of production disappear, and the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat formed and developed.

The differences of the first industrial revolution among France, America, Russia and Germany;

1. The basic road and process of the industrial revolution in France are basically the same as those in other western European countries. However, it also has its own characteristics:

(1) After the industrial revolution, although heavy industry has developed considerably, the production of high-end luxury goods occupies a large proportion in light industry. The production of luxury goods depends on manual skills, so it is difficult to use machines. Moreover, the products are mainly aimed at foreign demand and cannot expand the domestic market.

(2) In the process of industrial revolution, the progress of large enterprises was relatively slow, and small and medium-sized enterprises still accounted for a large proportion, and the number of large enterprises was far behind other major capitalist countries at that time.

The French industrial revolution took about 50 years from the beginning to the basic completion. However, it happened after the British industrial revolution, and its development speed was slower than that of other countries under the favorable conditions of absorbing foreign advanced experience and technology.

The conditions of the American industrial revolution tend to be mature, such as:

(1) has the political premise of independent development of modern industry.

(2) Agriculture is prosperous and the market is broad.

(3) Advanced technology can be obtained from foreign immigrants.

(4) During this period, the great transfer of commercial and offshore capital to industry, the discovery and exploitation of gold mines in California and the absorption of foreign investment basically solved the capital problem necessary for the industrial revolution.

⑤ Economic resources are extremely rich.

⑥ From 18 16, the tariff policy to protect industrial development was gradually implemented.

Russia's backward economy and technology and insufficient funds have become the most prominent problems in its long-term economic development.

① The technology and equipment for industrial production are mainly imported from abroad, and there is no independent machinery manufacturing industry in China. This shows that Russia has completed an incomplete industrial revolution.

(2) The early stage of the industrial revolution was intertwined with serfdom, and the later stage was associated with the transition to monopoly capitalism.

(3) In the superstructure, the political rule of the industrial bourgeoisie was not formed, and the Russian industrial revolution was carried out and completed under the feudal autocracy of the czar.

Germany's industrial revolution has its own characteristics:

It started late, but it can use new machines and advanced technology imported from Britain, thus accelerating the development of factory industry.

(2) Being divorced from light industry, we can attach importance to the development of means of production and reorganize the industrial structure earlier, so heavy industry and light industry have developed rapidly together. Under the influence of Prussian militarism, the development of heavy industry is closely related to arms production.

(3) Influenced by the Prussian tradition, the industrial revolution was carried out under the condition of the existence of urban feudal remnants, so the industrial growth in the same period was not as rapid as that in the United States. These characteristics of German industrial revolution have a far-reaching impact on the future development of German economy.

Baidu Encyclopedia-The First Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-French Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-American Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-Russian Industrial Revolution

Baidu Encyclopedia-German Industrial Revolution