Zhang Taiyan assisted the Buddha in interpreting Laozi's learning and devoted himself to the modernization of Laozi's interpretation. In his research, he is good at putting Laozi in the background of pre-Qin philosophers and paying attention to the comparison and connection between Laozi and other philosophers. Because of Laozi's revolutionary position, his research has a strong realistic concern.

Keywords: Zhang Taiyan; Help the Buddha to be old; Modernization; Comparative research; Realistic concern

Is Zhang Taiyan famous in modern times? A learned revolutionary? This special identity makes him unique in expounding the ideological and theoretical values of pre-Qin philosophers in modern environment. As far as Laozi is concerned, Zhang's research has an indelible position in the history of modern old learning, and there are also studies in academic circles [1]. However, it seems that there are not many academic features in Zhang's study of Laozi. Let's discuss it briefly.

First, help the Buddha grow old.

Although Zhang criticized religion in his early years, he had a soft spot for Buddhism. Buddhism occupies a very important position in his thought. He thinks, pre-Qin philosophers? However, if the teacher's theory is the case, if there are subtle similarities and differences, it is not attached. Isn't it like being narrow-minded, tolerant of evil and broad-minded? . Buddhism is different. He also quoted the words in Cheng Weizhi Lun:? Buddhists have a saying, what is smoking? If the law is equal and there is no violation, you can tolerate the habit, and that is smoking. This cover is good, powerful, no space, no smoking. If the law is free, it can be influenced by habit, unless it is firm and dense, but it is smoked. This is the refuge of the soul. The law of inaction, according to him, is not smoked. This shows that the independents of ancient learning have strong arguments and strong righteousness, so they have not been exposed to external smoke. ? [2] Here, China's pre-Qin philosophers all commented according to Buddhist standards. Buddhist thought has penetrated into all aspects of his academic thought. In many works, the theories of pre-Qin philosophers and Buddhism are compared and analyzed.

Someone commented on Zhang? First, Confucianism entered the Buddha; Second, Buddhism opposes Confucianism; Finally, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism complement each other? [3]。 He not only solved Zhuang by Buddhism, but also helped the Buddha solve the old age. He said:? Mahayana's entry into the Shurangama Sutra is called Bodhisattva Interpretation, and it is clearly stated in the Sutra: As soon as the Bodhisattva explained it, she knew that all dharma circles were originally nirvana, but they did not enter after all. ? China's Manjusri, Pu Xian, Vimalakīrti, Lao Dan and Zhuang Zhou were all explained by Bodhisattvas. ? [4] Therefore, Laozi's thoughts and Buddhism are integrated. He said:? So Lao Tzu's words, while ruling the world, are not * * *, only look at the human feelings at that time, whether it is autocracy or constitutionalism, are not * * *, impossible. There seem to be three times in Buddhism, so it should be said. If Laozi is also a tripartite politician, he will not stick to certain policies and try his best to cooperate. This is the first opinion of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi. Even if Vimalakīrti was born today, he must advocate this discussion and initiate this kind of voluntary activity. It is not enough to say a few words about charity. ? [5]

Zhang's mutual understanding of Buddhism and Laozi's thought has brought a new look to Laozi's thought. What does he think is the most important concept in Laozi? Tao? According to the explanation in Han Fei's Xielao, Tao? Just? What is Judeta's word? [6]。 Equate the origin of the world in Lao Tzu's eyes with Buddhism? Ruye? The concept of. Another example is Lao Tzu? If you're surprised? Zhang, Zhang explained: People call me, and my troubles are bitter. Husband? Can't hold the gv 10? I also saw the breaking of the law. Many people who leave people to show me their ambitions are boring and indifferent, which is not beneficial to everything; ? Clean up the mystery? Those who break the barriers. Many people who leave their troubles behind are world-weary, and they cannot be afraid to meet the needs of the group. If it is, it is better to entrust the evil on earth! If my husband has no body, I have no worries. Sang Men in Sinai went astray, fearing life and death, and expecting to stay away from the five yin. Mahayana, suitable for its body, suitable for its suffering, not avoiding suffering. [7] Here, Zhang thinks that Laozi? If you're surprised? Thought is similar to Buddhism. Because someone is my body, so I have troubles, so I can? Grief and intimidation to meet the needs of the group? This is the Mahayana spirit, which can be entrusted by the world.

In addition, Zhang in "Introduction to China Studies",? Three words of Han? On the mutual understanding between Buddhism and Lao in China. Limited to space, I won't list them one by one. As we know, since Buddhism spread to the east, it has been produced to solve the old age with Buddhism. Monk? Geyi? We use many terms of Laozi and Zhuangzi to explain Buddhist scriptures, so that Buddhism can survive and develop in China through the Chinese language. Therefore, the essence of solving old age with Buddha is to prove Buddha with old age. [8] Zhang is different. He wanted to re-integrate China traditional culture represented by Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism under the impact of modern China and the West. After careful consideration in his later years, Zhang thought that although Buddhism, Confucius, Laozi and Zhuangzi all talked about the heart, what Confucius, Laozi and Zhuangzi said was not as impersonal as Buddhism. Compared with Confucius, Laozi and Zhuangzi himself, there is such a situation. Although Lao Zi and Zhuangzi are wonderful, they are not as diligent as Confucius and have certain practices. ? [9] The aim is to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism and reconstruct the pedigree of China traditional culture in the new era.

Secondly, the modernization of interpretation.

At the beginning of the 20th century, various western academic ideas and methods poured in, which had a great influence on China's modern scholarship. As a pioneering scholar and revolutionary, Zhang actively studied and spread western learning. People who talk about Laozi through western learning are mainly manifested in two aspects:

First of all, pay attention to explore the philosophical thought of Laozi's theory. Hu Shi evaluated Zhang Taiyan's contribution to the study of hundred schools of thought. It was not until Zhang Taiyan that there was an organized and systematic study of Zhuzi besides the study of Zhuzi in the collation and exegesis. ? [10] That is to say, the study of Zhang hundred schools of thought is mainly from the academic thought, rather than simple collation and exegesis. Zhang claimed to be: Gai Xue takes language as its essence, so phonological exegesis is the key; Taking the truth as the destination, therefore, the Zhou and Qin philosophers have their own halls. Only philosophers can play the role of being close to others. ? [1 1] Say it again: Today's history management does not only depend on the classics in the field. All the achievements of the emperor's ancient characters and species boundaries can be found in the alluvial stone layer, which is enough to make up for those who have not been caught in the old history. When outsiders talk about Zhina, they will praise it once or twice. Although it is called ancient history, there is nothing wrong with it. There is also the beginning of grass, the east and the west are the same, the culture is progressing, and the yellow and white are different, which will compare similarities and differences. Then the advantages and disadvantages are self-evident, and the reason will be understood. Although the history of Greek and Roman films, Indian and Western films cannot be said to be irrelevant. If the husband's psychological, social and religious theories are different, it will be the same for tomorrow, which is especially important for making history. ? Zhang's study of Laozi shows a preliminary tendency of modernization. His research on Laozi rarely involves textual research and textual criticism, but more is the interpretation of Laozi's thought. He noticed Laozi's political theory and philosophical theory. China was the first to invent philosophy, even Laozi. ? [13] This kind of exposition can be found everywhere in Zhang's works, so there is no need to repeat it.

Secondly, when interpreting Laozi's theory, we often compare it with western thoughts, trying to communicate between China and the West. For example, Zhang believes that Laozi's theory contains the idea of evolution. ? Zhuangzi? Tian Yun said that when Confucius saw Lao Dan, he said that Wang Zhidao came first, and the traces of Zhao and Zhou in the Ming Dynasty were useless. Lao Tzu answered with the history of the Six Classics and the First Kings. He can't stop when he is at the deep bridge. This statement is that the world's major events are changing day by day, and we must keep them. Confucius won't be out in March. Goodbye. It's worth it Black magpie, fish scattered foam, thin and important, brother crow, husband for a long time, hill and people. Can you become a human without becoming a human? . Laozi said: yes, you can get it. This is the correct theory of evolution. Let's talk about a group of babies. If a younger brother cries next time, he will naturally be eliminated, and then he will come from behind, which is the so-called cold world. Everything is a dog. In order to push the card, but the old story can't stay, it's clear. So Qiu won. ? [14] Lao tze? Knowing survival competition and natural evolution, everything is laissez-faire. ? [15] The so-called Laozi's theory of evolution is Zhang's view after contacting western learning. Yan Fu had this view before.

With the introduction of western scientific concepts, Zhang was also deeply influenced. Therefore, when discussing Laozi, there are often traces of the influence of scientific concepts. He thinks Lao Zi is the ancestor of China's pantheism. ? In other words, Confucius also has words such as wishing for heaven, mourning for heaven, being tired of heaven, and being convicted of heaven. This seems to be a godless person. Press: Confucius' words are full of gas, each time they are better, each time they are slower and less anxious; Therefore, the immortal has never been broken. But it is said that ghosts and gods are moral objects and cannot move. This is the ontology of all things, that is, ghosts and gods. There is nothing but ghosts and gods. This is Spinoza's theory. Pantheon is a godless word. Where did Gai Confucius' theory come from? Lao Tzu said it was like an emperor. That is to say, there is something that exists before God; Nothing is Tao, nothing is not a ghost, and the meaning is the same. This Confucianism is all pantheism. ? [16] pantheist, that is, atheism. Lao tze again? As a historian, he knows that success or failure is human, so he can repel ghosts and gods and is the forerunner of Confucianism. ? [17] fully affirmed the position and value of Laozi in breaking the superstition of ghosts and gods. Laozi's so-called atheism was undoubtedly influenced by the western modern scientific view at that time.

To sum up, this simple theoretical exchange between China and the West is a little rough, but this active academic exploration is an inevitable stage for China's traditional academic transformation to modern academic in the early 20th century. Enlighten people's way of thinking and broaden their academic horizons. In this sense, Zhang's explanation of Laozi's modernization should be fully affirmed.

Third, pay attention to the study of comparative connection.

Zhang's study of Laozi is not an isolated study of Laozi, but under the academic background of pre-Qin philosophers, he pays attention to the vertical and horizontal comparison and highlights Laozi's thoughts. Among the philosophers, Laozi's academic activities are earlier than those of Confucius, Mo, Zhuang, Han Fei and others, and there are both internal relations and great differences between them. For example, although Laozi and Zhuangzi were both important representatives of Taoism in the pre-Qin period, Zhuangzi inherited Laozi's theory. For example, both Lao Zi and Zhuangzi have the theory of nature. He said:? Lao Tzu Yun? Taoism is natural? Too much history talks about philosophers of Laozi and Zhuangzi, thinking that they belong to nature. Natural person is the first meaning of Taoism. ? Say it again: His (Zhuangzi) praise (Lao Tzu) to? Extreme? , respect it? Broad and true? People, with their natural principles, take the law from themselves. ? [18] It can be seen that their theories have something in common. But at the same time, Zhang also revealed the differences between them. This is quite innovative in Zhang's view of Laozi. Please see:? Fu Zhuangzhou was cynical and wronged, and he demanded an explanation for himself. Because the theory of convergence and divergence of all things is divorced from chaos, it is impossible to get its coupling. What is the use of prosperity and waste? ? [ 19]? Zhuangzi came out late, and he was arrogant. He is not afraid to play the former philosopher. His technique seems to be the same as Laozi's, but his theory (mind) is absolutely different from Laozi's. Therefore, Tianxiapian is divided into two parts: Guanyin and Lao Dan. ? [20]? According to personnel changes, Lao Dan cannot negotiate beyond the party. Zhuang Zhou, Pang Luo's life and death, and the fate of the gods are all based on details. ? [2 1]? Zhuangzi? Tianxiapian is different from Lao Dan and Guanyin. I talked a lot about politics, but Zhuangzi didn't. Zhuangzi speaks superman's language, but Lao Tzu seldom speaks it. Although the general idea is the same, but each has its own emphasis, so it is different. ? [22] ? Zhuangzi said that his theory was different from Lao Dan's. Death and peace, life and peace, heaven and earth and god and peace. ? I didn't say it, but Zhuangzi heard it and welcomed it. ? [23]

To sum up, Zhang thinks that Laozi advocates actively joining the WTO and participating in real political activities, while Zhuangzi is divorced from reality, advocating that everyone should be in his place and be at ease. Laozi and Zhuangzi have always been called together. Why are there differences between them? Zhang explained the reason:? Zhuang is old, and I can use politics enough. The profound theory is still hard to grasp, so Zhuangzi also focuses on it. ? [24] Zhang believes that Laozi mainly focuses on political thought and lacks philosophy. Zhuangzi's theory is more inclined to philosophical thinking. At the same time, Zhang thinks Zhuangzi's personality? Just because it's angry? , so? I don't want to pollute myself with Lao Tzu's political skills. ?

Does Zhang think what legalists Han Fei and Li Si said? Changes in Taoism? [25], especially Han Fei's Jie Lao and Yu Lao are the best works to interpret Laozi's thoughts. Early legalists Guan Zhong, Shen Buhai and Shang Yang all learned from Lao Zi. Both Laozi and Legalists advocate autocracy.

In addition, Zhang also compared Laozi's thoughts with Mozi and Confucius. For example, about Lao Tzu? No Shang Xian? Where is Mozi? Shang Xian? [26], Laozi, Confucius and Mozi all advocated frugality, while Laozi and Confucius rejected ghosts and gods, and so on.

In a word, under the background of pre-Qin philosophers' culture, Zhang examined Laozi's thoughts from a long-term perspective, and paid attention to the comparison and contact investigation of various theories, so as to understand the internal relations and differences between Laozi and other philosophers' theories more deeply. This broad academic vision is an advantage and contribution of Zhang to the study of the old school.

Fourth, a strong realistic concern.

What's Zhang's name A learned revolutionary? At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, he actively devoted himself to the revolutionary cause, and it was inevitable that his academics would serve the revolution. He said:? I have heard that in a competitive world, Chinese studies alone is not enough to build a country, and I have never heard of people who can stand on their own feet when Chinese studies are not prosperous. ? [27] It should be said that Zhang's study of Laozi is also influenced by the current situation and has its political purpose. In his speech "On the Relationship between Buddhism and Religion, Philosophy and Reality", he once again discussed the inseparability of academics and reality. Civilization and barbarism are the hardest to eliminate. No matter what evolutionary politicians say, there is an important thing when drilling into this cave, that is, there is no * * * party now, and it is still material civilization. Besides, many careerists in the world. Therefore, no matter in the East or in the West, there is no universal public opinion without a savage concept of civilization. Scholars write books to increase this opinion, so that a powerful country, with the heart of an animal, intends to annex a weak country, not to mention coveting his land and altruistic products, but to say that that country is barbaric, and now I have destroyed that country, just to let its people enjoy civilization and happiness. This is the mouth handle of Yao Fa's third son. If you don't know civilization and barbarism, you will imagine it from the heart. In fact, there is no certain boundary between so-called civilization and so-called barbarism. What we see from each other is the opposite. The views of civilization and barbarism are first broken, and those who have the heart of a beast over there should tell their true feelings. Naturally, no one will follow him. This is the first opinion of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi. Only by combining the Buddha with Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi? , is it? The first good way to save the world and deal with things. ? [28] This passage, based on Zhuangzi and Laozi, clearly criticized the so-called civilization and barbarism in reality, and demanded that this concept of civilization and barbarism be eliminated with Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts. This is undoubtedly based on Zhang's external environment at that time.

Zhang's Laozi theory has realistic pertinence, which is also reflected in the discussion of the relationship between Laozi and Confucius. In his early discussion of the relationship between Confucius and Lao, he said. Confucius originally came from the old times, but he was different in the form of Confucianism and Taoism. He didn't want to worship the teacher, but he was afraid of Lao Tzu's reply. ? [29] This relationship? How did Kang Youwei treat Liao Ping and his helplessness to Liang Qichao after the Reform Movement of 1898? Recent classics. [30] This is what Zhang said to Kang Youwei, the object of his argument. For example, Zhang thinks that on the one hand? Lao Tzu is not Shang Xian, is it intended to prevent usurpation? ,? Don't argue if you think you're not virtuous? On the other hand, I don't agree with this: if a democratic country chooses talented people, that is, talented people. Tang Xianhe uses troops, which is appropriate. ? [3 1] thinks that Lao Zi's Shang Xian Thought is only applicable to authoritarian society, and if it is in a democratic society, it is a natural principle to choose talents and abilities. This is the standard for Zhang, as a bourgeois revolutionary, to criticize the ideal society pursued by Laozi. Another example is Zhang's attack on Laozi and Confucius for trying to adopt the golden mean. Does it have anything to do with his giving up moderate reformism and insisting on revolution? [32]。 To sum up, these arguments that strongly serve reality are obviously closely related to the influence of Zhang's time and the needs of political activities. But sometimes there are too many restrictions? Is it useful? And it affects your studies? Seeking truth? .

References:

[1] Tang Wenquan and Luo Fuhui: A Study of Zhang Taiyan's Thought, Huazhong Normal University Press, 1986. Luo: Zhang Taiyan, Xue, Journal of Beijing Normal University, No.2, 1995. Lu: Zhang's Taoist view, Taiwan Province? Academia Sinica? Journal of Institute of Modern History, 19,1June 1996.

[2] [11] [15] [17] [18] [20] [29] Selected Works of Zhang Taiyan, Zhonghua Book Company,199.

[3] [32] Tang Wenquan and Luo Fuhui: A Study of Zhang Taiyan's Thought, Huazhong Normal University Press, 1986, p. 584, 42 1.

[4] [5] [28] Zhang Taiyan: On the relationship between Buddhism and religion, philosophy and reality, China Philosophy No.6, p. 307, 3083 10, 3093 10.

[6] [2 1] [26] Zhang Taiyan: On the Balance of National Heritage, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2003, pp. 1 14, 107,11.

[7] [12] [19] Complete Works of Zhang Taiyan (III), Shanghai People's Help Publishing House, 1984, pp. 482, 33 1, 137.

[8] Xiong Tieji et al.: "The History of Old Learning in China", Fujian People's Publishing House, 1995, p. 439440.

[9] [13] Tang Zhijun: Chronology of Zhang Taiyan, Zhonghua Book Company, 1977, p. 6 18323.

[10] Hu Shi: Outline of China's Philosophy History, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997, p.21p.

[14] Zhang Taiyan: Micro-Ci of the Han Dynasty, included in Sanyan of the Han Dynasty, Liaoning Education Press, 2000, p. 22.

[16] [27] Complete Works of Zhang Taiyan (4), Shanghai People's Help Publishing House, 1985, p. 372 and p. 37/kloc-0.

[22] [23] [24] [3 1] Zhang Taiyan: An Introduction to China Studies, Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House, 200 1 edition, pp. 153, 167, 174.

[25] Complete Works of Zhang Taiyan (below), Shanghai People's Help Publishing House, 1982, p. 80.

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[30] Selected Works of Zhang Taiyan (Annotated Edition), Shanghai People's Help Publishing House, 188 1 Edition, p. 352.