1840, Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in the first Opium War, and the treaty of nanking was signed, with an indemnity of 265,438+/kloc-0,000,000 taels of silver and the opening of five trade ports.

From 1856 to 1860, during the Second Opium War, Britain, France and Beijing fell, and the Yuanmingyuan, Sino-British and Sino-French Tianjin treaties were set on fire. Ten ports were opened, missionaries preached, and compensation was 4 million pounds and 2 million French francs.

1883 to 1885, during the Sino-French War, Feng Zicai Town Nanguan won a great victory, Liu Mingchuan killed the commander of the French expedition fleet, and Li Hongzhang immediately ordered negotiations. The Sino-French New Testament gave the suzerainty of Vietnam to France;

1894- 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, beiyang fleet was completely destroyed, and North Korea changed hands. treaty of shimonoseki ceded Liaodong Peninsula, Taiwan Province Province and Penghu, and paid 200 million taels of silver.

From 1900 to 190 1, the state declared war on 1 1, and Beijing fell again. The "Xin Chou Treaty" paid 450 million taels of silver, dismantled the batteries in the embassy area and sold everything that could be sold.