"Mongolian Uighur" is the earliest Chinese translation of the word "Mongolia", which was first seen in the Tang Dynasty. "Mongolia" was originally just a tribal name among Mongolian tribes. /kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, the Mongolian Ministry headed by Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian ministries and gradually formed a new national identity. "Mongolia" has changed from the original tribal name to the national name.
Mongols originated from a tribe of Wang Jianhe (now the south bank of Ergon River) in the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century A.D., and have close ties with East Lake, Xianbei, Qidan and Shiwei in northern China.
In 840 AD, after the collapse of the Uighur khanate, most of this tribe moved westward to Mount Bourhan (now the Great Kent Mountain in Mongolia) and developed into many tribes with their own names. During the Liao and Jin Dynasties, it was often called "Tatar" or "Cuobu".
/kloc-in the 0/2 century, Temujin, the leader of the Mongolian Ministry, defeated the disputed tribes in Mongolia one after another and unified Mongolia.
1206, Temujin held a big party on the banks of Monan River to establish Great Mongolia. Temujin was promoted to Mongolian Khan and Genghis Khan. So "Mongolia" began to become a national name. The Mongols immediately unified the north of China. Since then, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, he has continued to explore the west, and successively established four khanates: Qincha, Chahetai, Wokuotai and Yier. It has opened up land transportation routes in Asia and Europe, and promoted cultural and economic exchanges between East and West.
1260, Kublai Khan became the Great Khan of Mongolia, and the capital was built in Jianzhong (later changed to Dadu).
127 1 year, Kublai Khan changed Mongolia into Yuan Dynasty, established Yuan Dynasty (127 1 ~ 1368), 1279 destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and unified the whole country. It ended the long-term coexistence and competition of Liao, Song, Xia, Jin, Tubo and Dali since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, basically established the territory of modern China, and consolidated and developed China's multi-ethnic country.
1368, the Ming army entered Dadu, and the Yuan Dynasty perished. However, after Tuoba Timur and his descendants moved northward, they continued to use the Yuan Dynasty as the national title, which was called "North Yuan" by the Korean Dynasty. The Northern Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty were at war for a long time, and in the next 200 years, a confrontation between the North and the South was formed. In order to prevent the invasion of the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty restored and rebuilt the "Great Wall of Wan Li" from Shanhaiguan in the east to Jiayuguan in the west.
/kloc-By the end of 0/6, Mongolia was divided into three parts: Monan, Mobei and Moxi, and each part included many tribes, among which the famous ones were Chahar, Tuxie Tukhan, ZhaSaquetoux Khan, Junggar, Durbert, Hoxud and Turkut. The Qing Dynasty's complete conquest of Mongolian ministries lasted 100 years.
1 may, 9471day, the government of inner Mongolia autonomous region announced its establishment, becoming the first regional ethnic autonomous area led by China * * * production party. Unified regional autonomy has been realized, which has truly ended the situation of divide and rule in Inner Mongolia for hundreds of years and the long history of ethnic disputes in this area. It has further strengthened the unity among and within ethnic groups and enhanced the enthusiasm for building the socialist motherland and autonomous regions.
Learn more here:/index/20sjmy/1016/3.htm.
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Eight fights to the west
1236- 1237, wokuotai150,000 troops invaded eastern Europe, nominally under the command of Shu Chi's son, Ba Dou, but actually referring to.
After defeating the Bulgarians, they crossed the frozen Volga River westward at 1237 and 12. Because he made a preliminary reconnaissance at 1223 and continued to collect information about Russian princes.
The national intelligence agency, so the preparations for this invasion are as detailed as his former teacher Jean Khan. Mongolian troops swept through the frozen countryside like a whirlwind, passing through Moscow, Vladimir and Kaluga, and a few months later.
The bottom destroyed the principality in northern Russia. 1March 4, 238, in the battle of the Tsna River near the Volga River, the Mongolian army wiped out the Russian army led by Vladimir Dagong Yuri II. The Dagong was killed and the war broke out.
End of service.
At the same time, some Mongolian troops crossed the Volga River under the leadership of Tuo Lei's son, Mongo, and occupied Dongshao, the empire of Man Ku, located in the North Caucasus and the northern shore of the Black Sea. The reorganized troops spent summer and early autumn in Ukraine-regrouping.
Army, update equipment, train new horses from Kazakhstan. In the next two years, Ubuntu consolidated its control over eastern and southern Russia and collected detailed information about Central and Western Europe. Mongolian army
The conquest of southern and eastern Russia only spread some of the most vague rumors-mostly fugitives from Man Ku-to the kingdoms of Central and Western Europe. On the other hand, Bubutai has a detailed understanding of European politics and economy.
and
Social conditions. 150000 Mongolian troops set out again in winter to ensure full mobility on the rivers in Ukraine. They crossed the frozen Dnieper River at the end of 1240+0 1. When the Grand Duke of Kiev refused the request of the Mongolian army,
At the request of its surrender, Ubuntu attacked, occupied Kiev on February 6, 65438 and then destroyed it. After occupying all the areas southeast of Kalbayou Mountain and northwest of the Black Sea, Subei began to prepare for his next battle.
Service.
Hechuan Fishing City, originally a small mountain city, is in a corner. However, because of tenacious resistance and the victory of resistance, this border military town went down in history.
When the Mongols destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, they attacked the fishing city. 1258, Mongo Khan invaded the west with the strength of more than 40 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa, and the soldiers were divided into three ways to cut the Song Dynasty. The army led by Meng Ge invaded Sichuan and arrived in Hechuan Fishing City in February of the following year. Mongo soldiers run around and are invincible. However, under the tenacious resistance of Wang Jian, the commander of the fishing city, and Zhang Jue, the deputy commander, they were never able to cross the line. In July, Mongo was wounded by artillery on the city and died in Wenquan Temple. Fishing City has been defending for more than 36 years, and has written a rare example of defeating the strong with the weak in the history of Chinese and foreign wars. Therefore, Fishing Town is praised by Europeans as "Mecca City in the East" and "the land where God breaks the whip".
In 36 years, Mongols occupied all of China and most of Eurasia, but they couldn't break a fishing city. Finally, because the entire Southern Song Dynasty was extinct for many years, the fishing city leader felt that there was no reason to persist.
It is said that Genghis Khan was killed while observing the terrain of Fishing Town from the observation deck. It's hard to say the words "Khan died in fishing city" in yuan dynasty history. In the next few decades, in order to compete for the position of Khan, all the soldiers who fought around in the Yuan Dynasty returned to the grassland (including the team that was preparing to cross the Alps at that time) and temporarily stopped conquering. Otherwise, perhaps the history of the whole Eurasian continent has changed since then, and the Southern Song Dynasty can survive for more than 20 years, thanks to the fishing city of that year.
Moreover, after years of continuous war and tenacious resistance to the Qing Dynasty, Sichuan is vast and sparsely populated, which led to the population migration of "Huguang filling Sichuan". During the Anti-Japanese War, the people of Sichuan sacrificed countless lives to defend their motherland and were worthy of being a member of the Chinese nation.
Now, in the fishing city, she is quietly here, and the Jialing River has been flowing for thousands of years. The former Jin Ge iron horse has long gone, and only the broken city wall is silently telling people about the tragic war of that year and the people's iron determination to fight against foreign enemies and the spirit of loving the nation.
Invasion of Central Europe (124 1)
Subtai left 30,000 people to control the conquered areas, protect their own communication lines, and led about 1.2 million people to invade Central Europe. He realized that Hungary, Poland, Bohemia and Silesia all had larger populations than him.
Army; He also realized that an invasion of any one of these countries would immediately plunge them into war with the other three countries and the holy Roman Empire. However, his knowledge of European politics convinced him that he could rely on it.
The jealous quarrel between the Pope, the German emperor, the king of France and the king of England kept these countries from getting involved in the conflict until he solved Central Europe, and then he divided them one by one.
speed
It was not Taiwan Province who divided his army into four main columns or field armies, and each column had three Tumans. One, led by Sun Haidu of Wokuotai, is going to protect the north wing. Another wing army led by Kuo Duan, the son of Wokuotai, is scheduled to be in
Mongolian troops invaded Hungary from the south through Transylvania and Duoyao River basins to protect the south wing. The other two armies are obviously marching in parallel columns, and will forcibly cross the central Kelba You Shan under the leadership of Ba Dou and Su Butai.
These two columns will meet in front of Perth on the east bank on the plain opposite Buda, the capital of Hungary (now part of Budapest, the capital of Hungary, and called Budapest by Buda on the west bank of the multi-walled river and Perth on the east bank).
Teacher.
Haidu, the main goal is to attract the attention of Poles, Bohemians and Silesians. 124 1 started in early March, slightly earlier than the other three columns. He defeated three huge Polish armies.
Poland entered Silesia. A detachment, Thurman, protected its right wing, detoured north through Lithuania, then westward through East Prussia, and entered Pomerania along the Baltic coast. On March 3rd, Haidu used two other Tumans.
In Krakow, he smashed the army of Polish Borislav V.
When Mongolian troops crossed northeast Europe with fire and swords, panic filled the countryside, and extremely frightened refugees fled to the west. As one city after another was captured, destroyed and burned, people were displaced, refugees increased greatly, and the legend of terror was exaggerated and expanded. By the beginning of April, when two Tumans from Haidu arrived in Silesia with 20,000 people, Europeans thought that his army had more than 200,000 people.
Battle of Rigney (1241April 9)
Despite believing these crazy exaggerations, the cavalry in northern and central Europe are ready to fight to the death. The "pious" Grand Duke Henri in Silesia concentrated 40,000 allied troops composed of Germans, Poles and Teutonic Knights, and occupied the defensive positions in Rigne, the only place where Haidu troops had to pass. The bohemian Wang Wen Sislaus led an army of 50,000 men to the north to meet Henry.
Two days before the Bohemian army, Haidu launched an attack. Although Europeans fought bravely and tenaciously, Henry's army was defeated and the remnants fled to the west. Because the Mongolian army didn't pursue it in the end, some European historians mistakenly thought that the battle of Rigney was a tug-of-war, and the Mongolian army suffered heavy losses in the hands of western enemies, so they decided not to advance on Germany.
Haidu has no reason to pursue, he has completed his mission. From the Baltic Sea to Karba You Shan, the whole of northern and central Europe was destroyed. All possible dangers to the right wing of the army are too slow and have been ruled out. The last fighting army in the region-the Bohemian army of Vinsislaus-is retreating to the northwest to join the troops hastily assembled by other German nobles.
Haidu successfully completed the plan of the unreachable stage, so he recalled his detachment Tuman from the Baltic coast and sent troops south to join forces with the main forces of Hungary. Lee's army turned Moravia into a wilderness.
Enter Hungary
The south wing column is also very effective, although the melting snow and rising river blocked the advance of the Mongolian army. After three positional battles, by April 1 1, all the resistance in Transylvania had collapsed.
Kuo Duan crossed the iron gate between Duoyao River and Karba You Shan, marched northward into the Hungarian Plain, and joined forces with northern Jiangsu.
At the same time, on March 12, the main column of the Mongolian army broke through the Hungarian army's defense line at Kalbayou Pass. After receiving the news that the Mongolian army had crossed the mountain pass, King Bello of Hungary convened a war committee in Buda, about 3,220 kilometers away, to discuss how to stop the Mongolian army from continuing to invade. On March 15, while the Committee was still discussing, he received the news that the vanguard troops of the Mongolian army had crossed the river.
Bello did not panic. When the vanguard of the Mongolian army was blocked by the wide Duozi River and the insurmountable fortress of Pace City, he had gathered nearly 654.38+10,000 people in two weeks.
four
At the beginning of the month, Bello led an army eastward from Perth, confident that he could expel the invaders. Under his pressure, the Mongolian army began to retreat. After several days of careful pursuit, it was about 160 km northeast of Budapest on the evening of April 10.
Contact with the Mongolian army near the Tisza River. Bello's surprise attack was too slow. He quickly and forcefully seized a bridge on the Tisza River from the weak Mongolian detachment and established a strong bridgehead on the other side of the river. The rest of the army
Then camp in the west bank, tie the carriages together and set up a defensive camp. He collected accurate and complete information about the strength of the Mongolian army from his loyal subjects and learned that his army was much more than his opponents.
Battle of Tisza River (1241April 1 1)
majority
Before the Ming Dynasty, the troops of the Hungarian army guarding the bridge found themselves violently attacked by stones and arrows, "accompanied by thunderous sounds and flames". Was the Mongolian army using the first door in European military history?
Agricultural artillery, because of insufficient evidence, can only be in doubt. Use the catapult and catapult as usual. In any case, this is the performance of the prototype of modern artillery in the13rd century. Like modern tactics, it was followed by a fierce assault.
Confused by sound, death and destruction, the bridge keeper was quickly crushed, and the Mongolian army crossed the bridge smoothly and continuously. Stimulated by this riot, the main force of Bello army rushed out of its defensive camp, and fierce fighting ensued. However, the war situation suddenly became clear, which was just a diversion by the Mongolian army.
owner
The attack was carried out by about 30,000 people from three Tumans under the personal command of Subtai. In the darkness before dawn, he led his troops across the cold water of the Nantisa River, then turned to the north and attacked the left and rear of the Hungarian army.
Unable to resist this devastating impact, Europeans hurried back to the camp and were completely surrounded by Mongolian troops at 7 am. Mongolian troops bombed some desperate Hungarians with stones, arrows and burning petroleum essence for several hours.
As far as the army is concerned, there seems to be a gap in the west, and several soldiers escaped safely. More and more Hungarian soldiers slipped out because the attack intensity of Mongolian army moved to other places. The survivors were in a hurry because of the collapse of the defense line.
To meet those who escaped. The battle formation broke up, and many of them fled without armor to save their lives. Suddenly, they found themselves trapped by the Mongolian army. Mongolian soldiers came from all directions on fast horses.
Appeared, divided the exhausted Hungarian soldiers, drove them into the swamp and raided some villages where soldiers tried to take refuge. After several hours of terrorist slaughter, the Hungarian army was completely annihilated, with 40,000-70,000 deaths.
People. More seriously, the defeat of the Hungarian army made the Mongols control the whole eastern Europe from Dnieper River to Oder River and from Baltic Sea to Duoyao River. In four months, they overwhelmed the total number of soldiers for themselves.
Five times the strength of the Christian army.
The Mongols retreated (1242)
124 1 summer, Ubuntu consolidated its control over eastern Hungary and made plans to invade Italy, Austria and Germany the following winter. The extremely frightened western Europeans made crazy preparations, but they did not cooperate well with each other and hardly completed any effective defense. Only chance-or God's blessing-can save the rest of Europe.
124 1 just after Christmas, the Mongolian army began to push westward across the frozen Duodao River. The striker crossed Mount Julian into northern Italy, while the reconnaissance troops approached Vienna through the Duoyao Valley. Just then, news came from Harrah and Lin, about 700 kilometers eastbound, that Wokuotai, the son and heir of Genghis Khan, had passed away.
success
Keith Khan Law clearly stipulates: "After the death of the ruler, all descendants of Genghis Khan family, no matter where they are, must return to Mongolia to participate in the election of the new Khan." Helplessly reminded his three kings.
Fulfill the obligations of the dynasty. Mongolian troops retreated from the trembling suburbs of Vienna and Venice and never came back. Mongolian troops in the east passed through Dalmatia and Serbia, and crossed northern Bulgaria eastward. Actually,
Destroyed the kingdom of Serbia and Bulgaria, and then disappeared from the other side of the Chardonnay River.