Wuyue suffered from hunger, and more than half of the dead were killed. Do your best, save the famine and cure the disease, bury the dead, and the living will do everything.
This is a record of the seventy-fifth year of Biography of the History of the Song Dynasty, which tells the story of Zhao, an honest official and capable minister who is equally famous with Bao Zheng in the Song Dynasty. That is, this famous minister in the Song Dynasty initiated the world's earliest system of isolating and sealing off cities, which is Zhao's "skill of saving the famine" in the official history.
Ancient medicine was not very developed, and there was bound to be an epidemic after the catastrophe and war. Sometimes, epidemics kill even more people than famine and war.
China's traditional culture emphasizes that man can conquer nature, but does not believe in immortals. This is the difference between eastern and western cultures: the sky leaks, and the goddess fills the sky; Flood, Dayu rule; Without fire, people drill wood; There is nothing to eat, Shennong cultivates. In a word, the ancient eastern countries paid attention to their ample food and clothing.
In the face of diseases and epidemics, the ancients did not just pray to God, but actively took action to save people on the basis of self-help. Today, I'm going to talk about the Song Dynasty Longtuge straight bachelor, the right advice doctor, and Zhao Yi, the prince of Shaobao who participated in politics. They are outstanding representatives. His famine relief measures to prevent epidemics also included isolating patients, closing cities and banning population movements.
One or twenty-four histories can also be regarded as twenty-four disaster relief histories.
When we open the twenty-four histories, we will find that there are records of disaster relief in all history books. It seems that the emperor has no record of disaster relief and is embarrassed to be called a good minister.
Known as the representative of the benevolent king in ancient times, in his biography, he left such a record: in the early spring of the first year, he refused to apply, and the whole army was wiped out, and mixed medicine was used to treat human diseases.
Song Renzong Tong Tianxi was smashed to treat the disease, which was recorded in detail in Long Bian Zi Zhi Tong Jian: There was a great epidemic in Beijing, and the imperial doctor was ordered to join the party, among which two rhinoceros horns appeared. From the analysis, one of them is Tong Tianxi.
Let's say the following in modern Chinese: According to the understanding of the ancients, Tong Tianxi is a rare treasure that can cure all diseases. Therefore, Li Shunqing, the chamberlain, was a little reluctant and wanted to stay for the emperor's exclusive use. Song Renzong flatly rejected him: "I think foreign things are too expensive and others are too cheap!"
Song Renzong immediately ordered chop suey, and asked Imperial Hospital to select the skilled ones, and rushed to the epidemic area with the medicine provided by the imperial court.
When Song Renzong sent the medical team, it also issued a special order: all localities must report the epidemic truthfully, and all incompetent officials will be punished. From dismissal to summary execution, imperial envoys can handle it with full authority. Song Renzong also emphasized that laity should never be allowed to harm people in epidemic areas: "If no one admits his mistake to a quack, he will die."
In addition to Song Renzong, Han and Tang Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there are also many records of epidemic prevention and disaster relief in history books. There is a book "Ji Kang Shi Lu", which systematically includes these records. Interested readers can look for it and maybe get some inspiration.
Today, only a few advanced practices are extracted from Han Shu, Old Tang Shu and New Tang Shu: "In the second year of Yuan Dynasty, people suffering from diseases and epidemics abandoned their homes to take medicine. Settle down, call Chi Yuan, think Anmin County and Guan Qi Temple City will recruit the poor, and give feedback to the counties. When you go to a migration place, you will get anything, whether in the field, forged with plows, cows, seeds and food. In addition, five miles from Chang 'an, there are 200 poor residential areas. "
This is the earliest isolation system, but this isolation is based on the voluntary of the victims and has not yet formed a system. Later, there was a large-scale migration, and Emperor Han Ping could not be regarded as the initiator.
During the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the society was stable and the economy was prosperous. It is not famine, but disease that causes population decline. Therefore, both Emperor Taizong and Li Shimin attached great importance to the prevention and treatment of diseases. There are many in New Tang Shu and Ji Kang Lu.
During the reign of Emperor Taizong, it was rare to see a large number of deaths caused by large-scale epidemics. It was because the imperial court was able to basically control the epidemic in a certain range at that time and avoided the panic caused by death. The royal medical team is the reassurance of the people.
Second, Zhao Qiren and his political skills in famine relief
Having finished the disaster relief and exemption in Han and Tang Dynasties, let's bring the topic back to Zhao Yi in Song Shenzong period. This man is not only an honest official, but also an able minister. In the seventy-five years of Biography of the History of Song Dynasty, Bao Zheng was the first, Wu Kui was the second and Zhao was the third. Bao Zheng's name is Bao, and the highest office is an agreement, while Zhao Tuo can be called Zhao, and the highest office is participation in politics.
It is recorded that Zhao Yi is "thick and clear, and people don't like it." He has never succeeded in his life. He married the daughters of more than a dozen brothers, and he has more than 20 orphans. Shi Deyi was poor and built countless houses. "
According to the records from 0755 to 79000, there was a drought in Wuyue Mountain in Xining, Song Shenzong in summer. In September of the same year, Zhao Tuan, a college student of Chentang, went out to know Yuezhou.
At the beginning of getting off the bus, Zhao immediately launched a comprehensive investigation: "For the book, ask the victims in the county how many townships there are, how many people can earn their own living, how many people are addicted to officials, how many people can manage ditches and fortifications, how many people can make money in warehouses, how many people can raise millet for the rich, and how many millet books praised by monks and Taoists can be preserved by their families."
Zhao's research is not only about
In addition to strictly investigating officials who did not act, Zhao also made extensive donations: "Those who were lost by the rich and envied by monks and Taoists will get more than 48,000 stones to help them pay their debts. Caring for each other also allows men and women who collect millet to live different lives, while people eat it every two days. "
In order to avoid large-scale gathering and mobility, Zhao Yun also stipulated that there should be 50 or 70 millet places in urban and rural areas for everyone to collect, but those who were told to go home were not given. For the sick place, there is no reward for the disease. Where you die, you collect diseases.
Translated, this passage means to let the victims go to designated places to receive relief supplies. If they just slip away, then sorry, you will get nothing.
In addition to restricting the flow of population with materials, Zhao also established a special isolation hospital, where doctors and monks who know medical skills are responsible for taking care of patients. Monks at that time were not so greedy for money as they were later. They, like doctors, take saving lives as their own duty and sacrifice themselves for others, which is quite kind.
Zhao's series of measures have achieved remarkable results: at this time, the fleas are exhausted and have great strength, and everything depends on themselves. Give sick people more private funds to buy medicines and food. Unfortunately, people suffer from drought, so they can avoid death; Although death has no loss, it has no public power. It was the drought that hit wuyue. People were hungry and sick, and the dead were almost half dead. This disaster is not as big as this one. The son of heaven in the east worries about his affairs, and the counties and counties do their best. The public obeys the law, especially the people. So at the beginning of the Shang Sui Ji series, there were many twists and turns, and no one accompanied me.
Zhao's famine policy can be summarized as three points: first, the isolation system, the construction of specialized isolation hospitals; Second, there is sufficient material support to avoid the spread of the epidemic caused by population movement; Third, grasp the real situation of the disease in advance, formulate feasible prevention and control plans, and use strict regulations and severe punishment to avoid the inaction and chaos of lower-level officials.
Looking through the twenty-four histories, we will find an interesting phenomenon, that is, we rarely see officials who use diseases and epidemics and profiteers who collect money.
In fact, it's easy to understand, because there are rules in past dynasties: robbery while taking advantage of the fire, the crime is aggravated. Sometimes even if you don't have time to aggravate the trial, you just kill it: those who take advantage of the fire are thrown into the fire.
From Zhao's disaster relief and epidemic control, we can also see a phenomenon worth pondering: although the epidemic will cause some panic, people also have the idea of fleeing from the epidemic area, but with an honest minister like Zhao Tuan in the town and sufficient material support, people's hearts can gradually settle down.
Zhao was able to stabilize people in the epidemic area because he made sufficient material preparations: he took in officials who did not work but lived in China, fed them and gave them jobs. Tell the rich not to build a car behind closed doors, but to get more than 52 thousand stones and pay them to the people.
Zhao Tuan's isolated relief policy was used until the Qing Dynasty. For example, in the second year of Xuantong in Qing Dynasty, the plague spread in three northeastern provinces, so the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications held a joint meeting every day, ordering the patrol headquarters to offer a reward to mobilize people to catch rats. "Small fish households should pay attention to hygiene, hire cleaners and clean up strictly."
At that time, a dead order was issued to prohibit people in the epidemic area from walking: "supervise the government-run hospitals in the inner and outer cities and purchase epidemic prevention drugs and equipment for application." All places where diseases occur are prohibited from entering or leaving, and offenders will be killed. "
History 24 can testify that there were no fewer than a thousand epidemics in ancient times, but all previous dynasties took strict preventive measures, and no dynasty perished because of epidemics.
If diseases are regarded as natural disasters, then we can say that "there is no invincible natural disaster", and what is more terrible than natural disasters is man-made disasters. In the 12th year of Ming Dynasty, during the period of Jinshi and Jiajing, Cheng of Dali Temple in Guangdong and Lin Xiyuan of Qinzhou said some meaningful words in their memorials to Emperor Jiajing. Let's take Lin Xiyuan's memorial letter as the end of this article:
When times are fierce and famine, people suffer from many diseases and epidemics. People have no resistance to diseases and epidemics, and they need effective government assistance. Officials at all levels need to be serious and responsible, and carry out effective supervision to prevent the government from "sending money to buy medicine", but it is cheaper for corrupt officials and profiteers, and "ineffective supervision and insolvency"