The individual actions of Henan Nian Army mainly appeared in the early stage of Nian Army Movement. The number of people who took part in the uprising was relatively small and the scale was relatively small, mainly concentrated in a single area, but it was enough to pose a serious threat to the Qing government. History says: "The Nien Army in Henan is very noisy and unpredictable", so that the Governor of Henan, Wu Changshou, lamented: "The thief is in danger, so be prepared for it; The disaster in Henan, the disaster in the world, and the difficulty of the overall situation. "
Although the Qing government was prepared to suppress distortion in many aspects, it was unable to reverse the chronic diseases accumulated within itself for many years. Even in the face of the peasant uprising, which was loosely organized and simply armed, it was very weak, which led to the victory of Henan Nian Army in the Jiaozishan Uprising and other important battles in the early days of the uprising.
Jiaozishan Uprising originated from Jiaozishan in Nanyang. According to Shaanxi County Records, "thieves mostly come from Nanyang, claiming to be treadmills and taking Jiaozishan as their nest". In the first year of Xianfeng (185 1), Qiao Jiande, a twisted party in Nanyang, gathered more than 2,000 people to move in Jiaozishan near Nanyang and Biyang. After several years of development and growth, in July of 1856, an anti-Qing uprising took place in Jiaozishan, which borders Yuzhou, Biyang, Queshan, Suiping, Xiping and Wuyang counties in Henan Province. Its leaders are Li Taichun, Xiao Kuang, Chen Taian, Guan Shaotang and Wang San, and they automatically "twist" to send smuggled salt to fight. This is the "Jiaozishan Uprising".
By the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857) 10, under the leadership of five banners, such as Li Taichun, Xiao Kuang, Chen Taian, Guan Shaotang and Wang Erdang, Nanyang Jiaozishan Uprising Army had grown to more than 10,000 people, living in more than ten counties such as Nanyang and Biyang, leaving Songxian and Lushi in the west, and drawing silver from Lushi Luanchuan Mountain. Shaanxi governor was forced to leave Wuguan, and Henan governor was forced to return to Xuzhou from Henan-Anhui front. The Nian Army of Jiaozishan once occupied Yiyang, Yiyang, Songxian and Yongning in the west, Linying, Yancheng and Xuzhou in the east, covering Nanyang and Runing.
In the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), the Nian army of Jiaozishan uprising fought fiercely with the Qing army. This situation can be summarized from the archives of Henan Governor's yamen in Qing Dynasty:
"This twist is Chen Taian, Xiao Kuang, Wang San's braid, Guan Shaotang and Liang Daorong's five twists, and the flag is divided into five colors? Ravaged hundreds of miles, the masses reached more than 10 thousand people, burning, killing and looting everywhere, vicious? From Biyang, Wuyang to Nanyang ""Twisting bandits to attack Queshan County? Surprise the Northeast from Sheqi Store Branch? He occupied Dahetun, Tang County, and then fled to Shuangmiao Town, Biyang. The "He" loyalist pursued mountains and mountains, from Hongling, Yuzhou, to Caoji, on the border of Nanzhao County. Trace it to Ma Shiping. Since 14, bandits have fled in Hongling. Across the mountains to the west? Found bandits in the Nanzhao border Cao Ji breathing, is correcting bandits in the mountains. * * * There were more than 2,000 people at that time? Unable to resist the attack, the enemy fled from behind the assembly to the mountain. ? The robbers climbed up the mountain and ran away. ? Go to Heiligou in Nanzhao. Our soldiers followed us. When the bandits heard the wind, they first turned to the southwest. That is to say, I broke into Ma Shiping. "
As can be seen from the records, the Nian army in Henan adopted flexible tactics when fighting with the Qing army, which made the Qing army exhausted and dealt a heavy blow to the Qing government. Gui Ying, then the governor of Henan Province, once lamented: "Since the bandits started the rebellion, although officers and soldiers and township groups intercepted it, they were always outnumbered and failed to succeed. Bandits are gathering more and more, threatening more than ten thousand people. Pretending to be a pseudonym, spreading fake signs everywhere, imitating Ying and Bo rebels, and distributing five-color flags. Every time the officers and men meet, they are scheming and extremely fierce. "
Until August of the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), Li Henian, the governor of Henan Province, ordered Cui Tinggui to "lead troops from Guide Town to the south of your country", and local officials led the local government to arrest the rest of the sedan chair mountain at any time. "The sedan chair mountain has always been called a twist, and it has even been eliminated."
Nanyang Jiaozishan Nian Army is the largest and longest-lasting one in Henan Nian Army. In the first year of Xianfeng (185 1), there were only 2000 people at first. By the seventh year of Xianfeng (1857), the rebel army had grown to more than 10,000 people, and it was not until the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868) that it was finally destroyed. The activities of this rebel army lasted for more than ten years, which made great contributions to the development of the Nian Army in southern Henan and posed a great threat to the rule of the Qing Dynasty in southern Henan. Regarding the influence of the Jiaozishan Uprising on the Qing government, Guiying, governor of Henan Province, said: "Since I investigated bandits and other troublemakers, they have ravaged hundreds of miles, and thousands of people have burned, killed and looted everywhere, which is extremely vicious. And communicate with Anhui Province, with the intention of internal embarrassment. "
Guiying also said: "Yuzhou is now suppressing Anhui bandits and sedan-chair mountain bandits, recruiting soldiers and raising courage, and the distribution is not satisfactory."
He 'nan Nian Army often expeditions to Anhui, Hubei and other neighboring provinces to support the Nian Army movement in these provinces.
Henan Nian Army's contribution to the whole Nian Army movement is mainly manifested in:
First, it shook the rule of the Qing government in Henan and hit the local feudal forces;
Second, it dispersed the power and financial resources of the Qing government and supported the peasant movements in other regions, especially the Nian Army movement in other regions;
Third, support Anhui Nianjun. The most important leaders of Henan Nian Army finally joined Anhui Nian Army and became important leaders of Anhui Nian Army. For example, Su Tianfu and Wang Guan were the leaders of the Black Flag Army of Anhui Nian Army, and Su Tianfu was once considered as the second leader of the Nian Army besides Zhang Lexing. Chen Daxi, the most important leader of Henan Nian Army, led his men to join Anhui Nian Army after the defeat in Henan.
Fourth, support the fate of Taiping Army. After Taiping Army entered Henan, Henan Nian Army responded positively and fought against it.
There are several reasons why the Henan Nian Army did not develop as well as the Anhui Nian Army:
First, the strength of the Nian army in Henan is too scattered, almost all over the province, but there is no sense of uniting to fight, so its strength is always weak. Anhui Nian Army is mainly concentrated under the leadership of Zhang Lexing, which is more cohesive than Henan Nian Army. At the same time, the Anhui Nian Army is adjacent to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Army. After the joint operation with the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was also protected by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to a certain extent, so it was very powerful.
Second, after the Second Opium War, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom drew to a close, and the Qing government and foreign reactionary forces joined forces to concentrate their main forces on suppressing the Nian Army. The Qing government sent monks, Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and other Qing court officials to ruthlessly suppress the Nian Army. The Nian Army in Henan could not compete with the Qing government in leadership and weapons and equipment, and was quickly suppressed. After Chen Daxi, the representative of Henan Nian Army, joined Anhui Nian Army, the strength of Nian Army in other parts of Henan gradually shrank, and Henan mainly became the battlefield for mobile operations with Lai Nian Army.
In the whole history of the Nian Army, the Nian Army in Henan played an important role, but due to its lack of foresight, it did not form a unified command with the Nian Army in other regions, which caused a fatal blow to the Qing government and was not as vigorous as the Nian Army in Anhui.
/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, a large-scale peasant revolution, the Nian Army Uprising, broke out in the vast land of Huaibei. Twist, which comes from the meaning of twisting rope, is to combine several strands into one, unite and have strength. However, the Henan Nian Army failed to form a unified command, so it died prematurely.
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