Five famous kilns. 1, Ruyao Ruyao porcelain is the first of the five famous porcelains in the Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province. It was named Ruzhou Land in the Song Dynasty.
In addition to celadon, Ru kiln also fires black porcelain, sauce glaze porcelain and jun glaze porcelain, among which celadon is the most exquisite. Ruyao celadon has a delicate fetal quality, showing different shades of "incense ash".
Similar to the official kilns of the same period, the glaze color is mainly pink blue, but also sky blue and egg blue. There are transparent and opaque glaze layers.
Glaze green is generally an inherent wood light. Opening is an important feature of Ru kiln, and there are few non-grain pieces.
The stripes are staggered in depth and length, dense but not chaotic. The utensils are all small, and the shapes are mostly plates, dishes and washing, among which the oval four-legged basin is unique to Ru kiln.
The firing time of Ru kiln is very short, and less than 100 pieces survived, which is very precious. Imitation began to appear in Xuande in Ming Dynasty, and Yongzheng in early Qing Dynasty was able to imitate it quite well. In recent years, new imitation Ru kiln porcelain has also appeared in Henan Province.
2. Jun Kiln Jun Kiln was produced in Yuxian County, Henan Province. Because of its close relationship with Ru kiln, there has always been a saying that "You and Jun are alike". Jun kiln began to burn in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the late Northern Song Dynasty. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, it continued to be fired, and its influence spread to Hebei and Shanxi provinces, becoming a large-scale Jun kiln system.
Jun kiln has two characteristics, namely milky white glaze and kiln change. The basic glaze color of Jun kiln is cyan with different shades, which can be divided into three categories: sky blue, sky blue and moonlight white.
Due to the infiltration of copper red glaze into the glaze, unpredictable red kiln changes appear after firing, including rose red, sand pearl red, begonia red, eggplant skin purple, carmine red, chicken blood red and so on. The whole body is red and purple, blue and white, and the blending of glaze colors causes countless kiln changes of different colors and shapes, which is another feature that distinguishes Jun porcelain from other celadon.
The purple in Jun glaze is particularly striking, and all kinds of purple are the result of the mutual integration of red glaze and blue glaze. An important feature of Jun porcelain glaze is that earthworms walk in the mud, that is, there are glaze marks with different lengths extending from top to bottom.
Later generations can't burn the same effect when copying Jun porcelain in Song Dynasty, so whether there are "earthworms walking in the mud" has become an important basis for identifying Jun porcelain in Song Dynasty. Another feature of Song Jun porcelain is that the outer soles of porcelain are generally coated with sesame paste glaze.
All the Jun kiln furnishings porcelain fired in the palace are engraved with the numbers one, two and three. The smaller the number, the larger the object. Because Jun kiln porcelain has been handed down from generation to generation, it is precious.
3. Official kilns refer to Bianjing (Kaifeng) official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty and Xiuneisi and Xiatan official kilns in Hangzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty. Because the palace utensils are specially burned, the output is very small and there are few handed down products. The glaze color of official kiln porcelain in Northern Song Dynasty is mainly pink and white.
Although it is called "not as good as you", it is also as bright as a pile of grease, and the glazed reddish-brown or non-stained blocks are sparse or dense. The Zhi Ding mark can be seen at the bottom.
The utensils are all kinds of furniture and stationery. There are many bronzes and jades that imitate the shapes of Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties.
The glaze color of official kilns in Southern Song Dynasty is mainly pink blue with stripes. At the bottom, the mouth edge and the thin corner glaze, the tire will burn purple-brown, which is called "purple mouth iron foot", which is a typical feature of the official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.
4, Ge Yao Ge Yao origin can not be tested. The distinctive feature of porcelain is that the whole body is covered with fragments, and the fragments are of the same size. The large pieces are iron black and the small pieces are golden yellow, which is called "golden thread".
The formation principle of cracked glaze is that the glaze surface is cracked due to the difference in expansion between tire and glaze, which is originally a defect. Ge Kiln, on the other hand, is artificially controlled and deliberately used as a decorative feature, which makes the glaze appear ice cracks or caviar-like stripes, and then dyed with yellow or black shades, forming a kind of incomplete beauty. Ge kiln has two kinds of porcelain tires and sand tires.
The fetal bones are different in thickness, and the fetal colors are black, gray and yellow. Due to the thick glaze layer, the appearance of the utensils is round and full.
Glaze color is mostly gray-blue, and some are moonlight, pink, beige and other colors. The bottom is fired with Zhi Ding and coated with ochre and purple-black tire protector.
Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been many imitations of Geyao, most of which are Jingdezhen official kiln products. Chenghua in the mid-Ming Dynasty and the imitations of Yongzheng and Qianlong in the early Qing Dynasty are quite exquisite, but they lack a quaint and quiet charm.
5. Ding Yao Ding Yao Kiln is located in Quyang County, Hebei Province, and is famous for its rich white porcelain. Ding kiln began in the early Tang Dynasty, and reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty, but it stopped burning in the Yuan Dynasty.
The fetal bone is delicate and white, light and beautiful, which is an important feature of Ding Yao white porcelain. The glaze decoration of Ding Kiln is the most wonderful in Song Dynasty porcelain.
Carving white porcelain in Dingyao in the early Song Dynasty. Later, the combination of carving and carving appeared.
In the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln began to use printing decoration. Decorative patterns are mostly in bowls and plates, and the layout is symmetrical from left to right and up and down, featuring thinness and density.
Similar to the method of silk reeling in Song Dynasty. In the early and middle period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Ding kiln was burned upside down with saggers, and the mouth of the utensils was glazed, and some of the utensils were stuck with sand or burn marks at the bottom.
In the later period, the mouth edge of the kiln cover is facing down, so there is a "awn" on the mouth edge, but the fired utensils are very regular. As a tribute porcelain used by the royal family, the mouth is covered with gold, silver or copper, which is more luxurious and noble, so it is called "golden ware".
In addition to white glaze, Dingyao also produces black glaze and sauce glaze, which are called black glaze and sauce glaze. Their prices are higher than Ding Bai's and they are rare treasures. The imitation of Jingdezhen in Song Dynasty was called Fending.
The difference is that Jingdezhen copywriting has a bright glaze, no tears, and radial knife marks can be seen in the foot. Jun porcelain is one of the famous porcelain kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty.
The kiln site is located in Bagua Cave, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun Kiln uses different colors of iron and copper to produce various glaze colors, such as blue with red and purple spots, pure azure and pure moonlight. Based on opal cyan, it has an opaque and opaque effect.
Another feature of Jun porcelain is that irregular flowing thin lines often appear on the glaze, which is called "earthworm walking mud line". Jun kiln porcelain is a rare porcelain in the history of China. It has a wide variety and unique shape, and is famous for its magnificent and peculiar Jun glaze.
Its achievement is that copper metal is added to the glaze, which causes kiln change at high temperature, so that the glaze is mainly blue and blue, including rose purple and begonia red. As colorful as the morning glow, it is known as the "national treasure". In the Song Dynasty, it enjoyed the reputation of "gold is priceless" and "even if there is a wealth, it is not as good as Jun porcelain". Official porcelain kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty.
Second, the history of the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty Ding Kilns were founded and fired at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
By this time, Ding kiln porcelain in the Five Dynasties was still relatively rough and simple, mainly bowl-shaped, and was in the transition stage to fine porcelain. However, in the middle and late Five Dynasties, Ding Yao white porcelain made a fundamental leap.
The burnt porcelain is no longer coated with cosmetic soil, and the tires and glazes are very thin. The whiteness of some utensils even exceeds the fine white porcelain of Xing Kiln.
The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ding Kiln's development, and there were many creations and advances in porcelain-making technology. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln was selected as court porcelain by Song Dynasty because of its excellent porcelain quality, elegant color and exquisite decoration, which greatly improved its value and made its products all the rage.
Ding kiln gradually declined and abandoned after the "Jingkang Rebellion" at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty due to years of military disasters. After the Jin Dynasty ruled the northern part of China, the porcelain industry of Ding Kiln recovered rapidly, and the production level of some products was no less than that of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Judging from some objects with dragon and phoenix patterns, Ding kiln products are also favorite porcelain varieties of rulers in the Jin Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Ding Kiln finally declined gradually.
In the 1970s, Ding Porcelain entered a period of recovery after years of silence. Quyang Fixed Porcelain Co., Ltd. has gone through hardships and hundreds of research experiments, and on the basis of antique, it has successfully developed more than 200 kinds of craft products in three series: antique, fine arts and daily use. The products have won many awards in domestic exhibitions and exported to more than ten countries and regions such as the United States, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands and Hong Kong.
Ding kiln products are mainly white porcelain, but also other rare varieties such as sauce, red and black, such as black porcelain (black porcelain), purple glaze (purple porcelain), blue glaze (celadon) and red glaze (red porcelain), all of which are covered with a layer of high-temperature color glaze. "Gui Qian Zhi" written by Liu Qi in Yuan Dynasty said: "Dingzhou flowers and porcelain are all white."
It can be seen that the kiln fixing device was not only loved by people at that time, but also produced a lot. When Su Dongpo, a great poet in Song Dynasty, was in Dingzhou, he once praised Ding Yao's colored porcelain with the poem "Dingzhou Flower Porcelain Carves Ruby".
Ding kiln is divided into Beiding and Nanding. Before the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Yao's kiln site was in Dingzhou in the north, which was called Beiding. After the Song Dynasty moved south, some kiln workers went to Jingdezhen and some went to Jizhou, which was called Nanding.
The glaze produced in Jingdezhen is powdery, also known as powder. Ding kiln has a large production scale and many varieties.
Most of them are bowls, plates, bottles, plates, boxes and pillows, and they also produce pure bottles, conchs and other pre-Buddha offerings, but the quantity is very small, mainly as tributes. The "Dingzhou White Porcelain Baby Pillow" collected by the Palace Museum is one of the representative works of Ding Yao porcelain.
Ding kiln tire is thin and light, and the tire color is white and yellowish, firm and impenetrable. The glaze is beige, and the glaze is extremely thin, so you can see the tire. Glaze is white and crystal clear, and many accumulated glazes are in the form of tears, which are called "wax tears" and are yellow-green.
In the thin glaze on the outer wall of the utensils, you can see the spin marks on the tires, commonly known as "bamboo wire brush pattern". In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the mouth of Ding kiln products was glazed, but in the later period, the mouth of the utensils was not glazed, which was called "Mangkou". The edge of python mouth is often inlaid with gold, silver and copper to cover up the defects of python mouth, which is a major feature of Ding kiln.
The most important achievement in the installation and firing technology of porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty was the invention of over-firing and "ignition". Overburning method is widely used in fixed kilns, and washer combined box is also used. The advantage of this firing method is that the vacant space is used to the maximum extent, which can not only save fuel, but also prevent the appliance from deforming, thus reducing the cost and greatly increasing the output, which has a great impact on both northern and southern porcelain kilns and has played an important role in promoting the development of China porcelain industry.
Ding kiln workers are deeply loved by people for their colorful decorative patterns. Decorative techniques are mainly white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze drawing, as well as white glaze embroidery and gold color drawing, with beautiful and generous patterns.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the carving, composition and patterns of Ding Kiln were simplified, and most of them were thick lotus petals decorated with the beauty of bas-relief. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, carved flowers were beautifully decorated and unique.
Decorative patterns are often printed, scratched and piled up, which are beautiful and generous. Printed patterns, ingenious deformation of natural form, rigorous composition; Carving is more lively and unique than printing.
Painting flowers is one of the main decorative methods of Ding kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty. Usually simple patterns are drawn with grating tools, and the lines are rigid, smooth and dynamic.
Lotus petal pattern is the most common decorative pattern in kiln. There are single flowers, double flowers in parallel, lotus leaves staggered out, and some are also equipped with duck patterns. The patterns are simple and diverse.
The decorative patterns of vertical objects are mostly decorated with carved flowers, which are rare. In the early kiln ware, some carved patterns were combined with lotus petals and chrysanthemum patterns, and the overall layout was not very harmonious. This was a new decorative technique when fashion was in the primary stage, and it also provided a basis for the dating of kiln ware.
Carving is developed on the basis of carving decoration technology. Sometimes it is used with the scribing process.
For example, in the center of a dish or bowl, the contour lines of broken branches or bound branches are carved, and then multiple lines are carved on the contour lines of flowers and leaves with single-tooth, double-tooth and comb tools. The common decorative pattern is double flowers, which are vivid and natural, with strong three-dimensional sense and usually symmetrical.
Ding kiln sculptors often draw thin lines on one side of the outline of flowers, fruits, lotus, ducks and Yunlong to enhance the three-dimensional sense of the decoration. The most expressive decorative pattern in Ding Kiln is printed decorative pattern.
This craft began in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty and matured in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The most exquisite decorative patterns of Ding kiln utensils are in the center of dishes, bowls and other utensils, but there are few decorative patterns inside and outside these kinds of utensils.
Decorative patterns of kilns are characterized by distinct layers, the outermost ring or the middle, and the patterns are often separated by palindromes. The overall layout of the pattern has clear lines, ingenious deformation and modeling, complex but not chaotic, rigorous layout, symmetry, distinct levels, clear lines, neat and elegant, and high artistic level.
Ding kiln seals are mostly printed on the inner side of the plate, and it is extremely rare to find objects with decorative patterns inside and outside. The most common theme of Ding Kiln printing is flower design, mainly including lotus, chrysanthemum, day lily, peony, plum blossom and so on. The arrangement of flower patterns mostly adopts methods such as winding branches and folding branches, emphasizing symmetry.
Some bowls and pots are petal-shaped, and a blooming flower is printed on the bowl. At the same time, the outer wall is engraved with pedicels and petal outlines. This method, which combines printing and engraving technology with the internal and external decoration of the object, makes the modeling and pattern decoration of the object integrate into one, which is very beautiful.
Secondly, Dingyao also has a large number of animal decorations, mainly including cows, deer, mandarin ducks, unicorns, dragons and phoenixes, lions and so on.
3. What are the characteristics and appreciation values of Ding kiln celadon porcelain in Song Dynasty? Ding kilns in Song Dynasty were mainly made of white porcelain, and other rare varieties such as sauce, red and black were also fired, such as black porcelain (black set), purple glaze (purple set), blue glaze (green set) and red glaze (red set). These varieties of glass are all made by covering a layer of high-temperature glass on a white porcelain tire and firing it.
"Gui Qian Zhi" written by Liu Qi in Yuan Dynasty said: "Dingzhou flowers and porcelain are all white." It can be seen that the kiln fixing device was not only loved by people at that time, but also produced a lot.
Ding kiln is divided into Beiding and Nanding. Before the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Yao's kiln site was in Dingzhou in the north, which was called Beiding. After the Song Dynasty moved south, some kiln workers went to Jingdezhen and some went to Jizhou, which was called Nanding.
The glaze produced in Jingdezhen is powdery, also known as powder. Ding Yao kiln porcelain tires are characterized by very dense, thin and light tires, and white and yellowish tires.
This is true whether it is white or various colors of glaze. Ding kiln glaze is very thin, and tire color can be seen in the thin glaze. White glaze is mostly white and slightly yellow, and the glaze is hard and not very transparent. Black glaze with black background is like black paint, and the glaze is particularly bright; Purple is not purple, but black glaze, and the glaze color is uneven, often with different shades; There is a saying of "Hong Dingyi" in the book, but so far there is no real thing, only the erythema on the sauce glaze is seen.
Therefore, if you see red sets in the market, you must be especially careful. Ding kiln wins with colorful decorative patterns, neat and elegant, and has always been regarded as a treasure in ceramic art.
There are three main decorative techniques: scribing, carving and printing. Painting flowers is one of the main decorative methods of Ding Kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty, but the most expressive decorative pattern in Ding Kiln is printed pattern.
Four. What is the highest auction record of Ding Yao porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty? Lotno's name. The appraised object (ten thousand), the transaction price (ten thousand) and the auction date.
00 1 1 octagonal carving of Dingyao in Northern Song Dynasty, 14,684,000,2014-04-08.
0568 Ding Song Kiln Purple Glaze Discount Plum Bottle 360,000 484,000 2014-1-30.
0079 Song Zijin glazed flower hollow carving 9.8 million 1, 2.98 million 20 14-07- 14.
5 15 Ding Yao black glazed partridge in Northern Song Dynasty is 5.3 million 1, 339.45438+0,000 2002-10-09.
0539 Ding Yao Zijin glaze belt cover Damei in Northern Song Dynasty 1 60,0001,2.56 million 20 13- 12-25.
0476 Ding Yao white glazed sedan chair in Northern Song Dynasty was 8.08 million10.02 million 2012-1-02.
0255 Ding Yao White Glazed Seven-level Floating Tower in Northern Song Dynasty 68,000 92,000 2010/2-27
This is the highest record of Ding Kiln porcelain auction in the Northern Song Dynasty. thank you
Verb (abbreviation of verb) What are the characteristics of Ding Kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty Ding Kiln is a treasure in Chinese traditional porcelain making technology and one of the six kiln systems in Song Dynasty. It is a large porcelain kiln system after Xingyao white porcelain in Tang Dynasty. Mainly produced in Jianci Village, East Yanchuan Village and West Yanchuan Village, Quyang County, Baoding City, Hebei Province. Because this area was under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was named Ding Yao.
Ding kiln was originally a folk kiln, and palace porcelain was fired in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty. Founded in the Tang Dynasty, it reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and finally spread to the Yuan Dynasty. It is famous for producing white porcelain, and also firing black glaze, sauce glaze and blue glaze porcelain. In the literature, they are called Black Ding, Purple Ding and Green Ding respectively. [ 1]
Ding kiln comes from Xing kiln. Due to historical changes, Ding Kiln has changed with the development of region, application of new porcelain clay and porcelain-making technology. Xianghe believes that Ding Kiln's greatest contribution is that it shines in the history of China ceramics development, leaving a brilliant page in the history of China ceramics development and the history of world ceramics development.
6. Whether the meat quality of Ding Kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty is red or not is a treasure in the traditional porcelain-making process of Han nationality, and it is one of the six kiln systems in the Song Dynasty. It is a large-scale porcelain kiln system that rose after Xingyao white porcelain in Tang Dynasty.
Mainly produced in Jianci Village, East Yanchuan Village and West Yanchuan Village, Quyang County, Baoding City, Hebei Province. Because this area was under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was named Ding Yao. Ding kiln was originally a folk kiln, and palace porcelain was fired in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty.
Founded in the Tang Dynasty, it reached its peak in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, and finally spread to the Yuan Dynasty. It is famous for producing white porcelain, and also firing black glaze, sauce glaze and blue glaze porcelain. In the literature, they are called Black Ding, Purple Ding and Green Ding respectively. Dingyao is a famous porcelain factory in Tang Dynasty, which specializes in firing white glaze and yellow glaze porcelain (white glaze includes jade-walled bowls, pots and bottles; Yellow glazed utensils include bowls, watering pots, etc. )
In the Song Dynasty, it developed rapidly, bigger and more famous than before. A large number of white porcelain were fired, followed by black glaze, sauce glaze, blue glaze, brown flower on white background and other varieties. The white porcelain tire soil is fine, the tire quality is thin and shiny, the glaze color is pure white and moist, and there are tears on it. Glaze is white glass glaze with a little powder, so it is called powder setting, also known as white setting.
Other porcelains are coarse in fetal quality and yellow in glaze color, commonly known as earth ding; Purple is purple; Black as paint is black, and red is red, which is rare and passed down from generation to generation. This depends on specific things.
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