1, historical background

(1) World trends; Developing capitalism is the general trend (two major changes)

(2) National crisis: carve-up frenzy, unprecedented crisis.

(3) Economic base: the initial development of Chinese national capitalism. ?

(4) Class foundation: Private capital has entered the historical stage as a new political force.

(5) Ideological basis: the spread of bourgeois reform ideas.

2. Content

A. Politics: It is beneficial for bourgeois intellectuals to have the opportunity to participate in political power and improve administrative efficiency, and does not involve political ideas such as constitutional monarchy. ?

B economy: it is beneficial to the development of state capitalism and the increase of fiscal revenue, and does not touch the feudal land ownership. ?

C. Culture and education: it is conducive to the spread of advanced science and culture and the cultivation of reform talents. ?

D. military: strengthening national defense forces.

Progressiveness: basically reflected the will and proposition of reformists, and shook the feudal ruling order to some extent.

Limitations: there is no political proposition such as setting up parliament and formulating constitution.

Nature: It is not only a patriotic movement to save the nation from extinction, but also an enlightenment movement to emancipate the mind and a bourgeois reform movement.

(2) The New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty (190 1- 1905)

1, background?

(1) Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" further deepened the national crisis and social contradictions.

(2) The ruling crisis faced by the Qing government?

2. Purpose: To win over foreigners and domestic people in order to maintain the autocratic rule of the Qing court.

3. Measures:?

(1) Official system: The Prime Minister's yamen was changed to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was the first of the six departments.

(2) Military system: training new troops.

(3) Educational system: Abolish the Imperial Examination, set up new schools and send overseas students.

(4) Economy: Encourage the development of national industry and commerce.

4. Assessment:

(1) has made some progress, but it has not jumped out of the pattern of "Chinese style and western use" and has not involved political system reform.

(2) In the process of implementation, the substantial increase in tax revenue has further prompted the people to rise up and resist, and the revolutionary movement has become increasingly high.