The 276-year history of Ming Dynasty includes Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644), Nan Ming Dynasty (1644- 1662) and Ming Zheng Dynasty (1662-/kloc-0). Nanjing was founded in the early days and moved to Beijing in the Ming Dynasty. It spread to the sixteenth emperor and lasted for 276 years. From Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor to Chongzhen hanged himself.

Millennium achievements:

As the last dynasty established by the Han people in the history of China, the Ming Dynasty was naturally brilliant. First of all, politically speaking, when Zhu Yuanzhang was in power, he expelled the Tatars and restored China, so that the territory of China was completely in the hands of the Han people, ending the situation that the Mongols ruled the Central Plains.

During the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang, China's territory reached its peak in the Ming Dynasty, and many countries came to Korea. During the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, emperors of all dynasties constantly strengthened centralization, which brought local power back to the central government, and local governors could no longer make waves.

During the reign of Judy, the Ming Emperor, the remnants of the five northern expeditions to Mongolia made Mongolia never dare to invade the Central Plains again, making the Central Plains fighters gallop through the desert;

Culturally, it established the orthodox position of Confucianism and changed the social atmosphere of advocating Buddhism at that time. In addition, in the early Ming Dynasty, many emperors observed people's feelings and shook taxes lightly, so that the people could live and work in peace and contentment.

Economically, the economy of the Ming Dynasty was always in a leading position in the world at that time. It was not until the late Wanli period, after the death of Prime Minister Zhang, that the emperor began to be fatuous and the economy declined.

During Judy's period, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, showing off China's national strength to the world and bringing barbarians from all directions into the category of tax-paying countries.

During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty, there was a scene of prosperity like Ren Xuanzhi's rule, which amazed foreign envoys. At that time, the culture of the Ming Dynasty was also in its heyday, although there were also failures such as stereotyped writing.

However, it is undeniable that Judy's Confucian policy laid the foundation for her "grand rejuvenation". More importantly, during the Ming Muzong period, there were frequent exchanges between the East and the West, and all kinds of science and technology were constantly spread.

It was also during this period that capitalism began to sprout, but unfortunately, because of a series of policies, capitalism did not develop in China, but it was enough to show the prosperity of economy and commerce at that time.

During the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, in most cases, the people lived a prosperous life and the society was stable. Although the Ming emperor was martial, he fought many times, but almost none of them lost. Until the late Ming dynasty, the economy could not support the huge military consumption, and because of the emperor's wrong decision, the war failed and the country began to decline.

Be remembered for the Millennium:

Although there are many achievements worth showing off in the Ming Dynasty, objectively speaking, there are still many aspects of the Ming Dynasty that people criticize, otherwise, no one will call it dark and decadent.

During the Ming Dynasty, politics reached an unprecedented development. Although centralization was strengthened, eunuchs began to interfere in politics, making state affairs unstable. Secondly, in order to strengthen centralization, the emperor abolished the prime minister system, established a cabinet, and personally ruled six ministries.

But after all, a person's energy is limited, which leads to the emperor's inability to take care of all aspects, resulting in eunuch dictatorship, the establishment of spy organizations such as East Factory and West Factory, and so on, making the whole country under the supervision of the emperor.

Moreover, during the period of Zhu Yuanzhang, the ministers of the DPRK and China were in danger because of their wanton slaughter of heroes, which indirectly led to the unfashionability of people's hearts in the period of Ming Chengzu and made Judy succeed in usurping the throne.

The economy of Ming Dynasty developed greatly, and it was always in the leading position in the world in the early years of Wanli. Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching as far as Africa, showing off the great national strength of the Ming Dynasty to the world, and making the northern expedition to Mongolia and the eastern expedition to the Japanese pirates, all of which made the world tremble.

However, from the late Wanli period, the economy of the Ming Dynasty began to decline, and the Ming Dynasty began to implement the sea ban, which undoubtedly inhibited the economic development of coastal areas. Although it was abolished in the later period, it still bound the cultural exchanges between the East and the West during that period.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the local captaincy was divided, and most of the land was concentrated in the hands of the captaincy, so farmers were unable to pay taxes. At that time, officials were seriously corrupt, and taxes could not be filled into the state treasury, which led to the emptiness of the state treasury. So the emperor could only raise taxes, but the people couldn't afford to pay taxes, so they rebelled one after another and the society was in chaos.

Culturally speaking, the most convenient place to criticize in Ming Dynasty is stereotyped writing of literati, which restricted the thinking of literati at that time and made them study for being an official, without the active atmosphere in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Gu Zeng, a writer in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, once commented that stereotyped writing is no less than burning books and burying Confucianism. And since then, China's science and technology culture began to lag behind the West.

At this time, the west was emancipating its mind and carrying out a vigorous industrial revolution, which was in sharp contrast with the Ming Dynasty at that time and also planted the seeds of suffering for the modern Chinese nation. During the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, the royal family fought frequently for martial arts.

In prosperous times, the people are not living well, and the people are not living well. The war has caused people to be displaced and the economic development is unbalanced.

At the same time, there are many parties in the court and the tide is surging. Take Lindong Party at that time as an example, it was excluded and constantly oppressed by eunuchs. In order to destroy the Lindong Party, Dongchang and other secret service agencies arrested people everywhere, and everyone was miserable.

Although people criticized things in one way or another in the 276 years of the Ming Dynasty, it is undeniable that the contribution made by the Ming Dynasty to the Chinese nation is also outstanding in history.

Carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future, and even lay a foundation for the future development of China. Perhaps it is precisely because the Ming Dynasty planted the seeds of suffering for the Chinese nation, made the Chinese nation undergo the baptism of ice and fire in modern times, forged the backbone of China, and merged with the flesh and blood of China, that China can stand among the nations in the world today.

Factors leading to the gradual decline of Ming Dynasty;

Spouse:

It was the royalty who intervened in the state affairs. For example, in the Sui Dynasty, consorts seized power. At this point, throughout the history of the Ming Dynasty, there was no phenomenon that consorts became bigger and intervened in politics. Not only did they not engage in politics, but the consorts of the Ming Dynasty did not contribute and stood by. Zhu Youjian, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, is a typical example. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was beset with domestic troubles and foreign invasion, and the national treasury was empty. Emperor Chongzhen asked everyone to donate money. The first thing is to ask state officials to donate money. I didn't expect the official to cry for poverty, and finally took out 1.2 silver. At this time, Queen Zhou took out her private money of 5,000 taels and gave it to her father, hoping that the official would increase it by 3,000 taels, so that she could make up 22,000 taels. How much did the abbot finally donate? 15000 Liang, that is, Zhang Guo also took his daughter 2000 Liang. Finally, the Ming Dynasty perished, and hundreds of thousands of taels of silver were found in the husband's family in this country. How did the Ming Dynasty not die?

Power supply phase:

For example, this kind of thing was more common in the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This is usually because the excessive power of the prime minister poses a threat to the imperial power. There was no such problem in the Ming dynasty, because the prime minister system was abolished in the Ming dynasty. In the early Ming dynasty, there was still a prime minister. At that time, Hu was the prime minister, but Zhu Yuanzhang killed Hu in the name of Hu's rebellion, abolished the prime minister system, and formulated the ancestral law of "those who set up the prime minister killed". From then on, the six departments were directly responsible to the emperor, and their power was concentrated on the emperor, eliminating the possibility of usurping power in the past.

Fan Qiang:

It means that local power is greater and the central government cannot control it. For example, after the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime of the buffer regions became more and more fierce, and the court could not restrict the buffer regions. The struggle between the buffer regions continued until the demise of the Tang Dynasty. There was no such problem in the Ming Dynasty, and the solution of this problem was not initiated by the Ming Dynasty, but was solved as early as the Northern Song Dynasty. The solution is also simple: the administrative, military, judicial and financial powers of local governors are separated, which divides the power of affairs, so that local buffer areas can no longer confront the central government. The Ming dynasty inherited this system from the previous dynasty. Local governments are also incapable of confronting the central authorities. So this did not exist in the Ming Dynasty. Fifth, Han Yi refers to a powerful nomadic people. In ancient China, the farming people in the Central Plains were always invaded by nomadic people, and the war cost of the Central Plains dynasty was very high. In contrast, ethnic minorities can achieve military-civilian integration, so the cost of war is low. If ethnic minorities are strong and the Central Plains dynasty is weak, ethnic minorities may go south to destroy the Central Plains dynasty, just like the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty. The threat of ethnic minorities in Ming Dynasty mainly comes from two aspects: Mongolia in the north and Nuzhen in the northeast. The Mongols have passed their heyday, but they still pose a certain threat to the Ming Dynasty, and the Civil Fort Rebellion and Gengxu Rebellion are the best examples. But the threat of Mongolia is far less than that of Nuzhen, that is, Manchuria. Jurchen became one of the reasons for the demise of the Ming Dynasty. However, the rise of Jurchen is relatively late, and it is difficult to pose a direct threat to the Ming Dynasty for a long time to come.

Eunuch:

The demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty was attributed to eunuchs. The Ming Dynasty was also a very autocratic dynasty with eunuchs. A large number of eunuchs, such as Wang Zhen, Liu Jin and Wei Zhongxian, dominated the state affairs, leaving the court speechless. However, the eunuch autocracy in Ming Dynasty was very different from that in Han and Tang Dynasties. During the Ming Dynasty, the central autocracy was abnormally strengthened, which led to the absolute rights of the emperor. During the Han and Tang dynasties, once powerful eunuchs appeared, the emperor was dissatisfied with them and could do nothing. There was no such thing in the Ming Dynasty. The eunuch's autocracy in the Ming dynasty used the emperor's autocracy, regardless of it. The emperor wants to manage state affairs, even the best eunuch in history, Wei Zhongxian, can win quickly. Therefore, although the autocratic power of the eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty was also very strong, it did not fundamentally threaten the power of the emperor.

Rebellion:

It's a peasant uprising. This book has been around for almost all ages, and it is an immortal book. However, the root cause of peasant uprising is that class contradictions have deteriorated into irreconcilable products. In the feudal dynasty, farmers would not rebel if they had a way. It will take a long time for social contradictions to deteriorate into large-scale civil strife.

16 Ming emperor:

1, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang:

(1368-1398)1368, he called Emperor Daming and claimed that Ming Taizu, the high emperor, had ascended the throne in Nanjing. During his reign, he adopted frivolous and generous taxes to restore social productivity and restore the political status of the Han people. Zhu Yuanzhang is one of the most outstanding monarchs in the history of China. He worked hard in politics all his life and made many achievements, especially created a large number of systems and regulations, which not only laid the foundation of the Ming Dynasty for nearly 300 years, but also contributed to the social stability and economic prosperity in the early Ming Dynasty and influenced the Qing Dynasty. From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the centralized political rule and the unified administrative system of multi-ethnic countries gradually improved.

2. Zhu Yunwen, Ming Huidi:

(1398-1402) Zhu Yuanzhang's grandson, who made no achievements in these three years, was ousted by his uncle Judy. After the Jingnan Rebellion, his whereabouts were unknown. When Xu, surnamed Mei Yin, was in the army, he attended the meeting, mourned for the emperor and died in the afternoon. In July of the first year of Hong Guang in Nanming Dynasty, the number of Emperor's Hall was changed to Huizong Hall, and posthumous title was the heir of Tianzhang.

3. Ming Chengzu Judy:

(1402-1424), the third son of Zhu Yuanzhang, is famous for going to the West, compiling Yongle Dadian, fighting in Mobei and pacifying the frontier. The remnants of the five northern expeditions made Mongolia never dare to invade the Central Plains again, and let the Central Plains fighters gallop through the desert. Judy seized the throne through the "Jingnan War". When in office, form a political cabinet; Five personal expeditions to Mongolia, the recovery of Annan, and the establishment of specialized management institutions in border areas and ethnic minority areas. He sent Zheng He to the Western Seas many times, ordered people to compile the Yongle Grand Ceremony and dredge the Grand Canal, thus creating a prosperous Yongle era. Died at 1424, Gaoming, Tixiang spillway, posthumous title, Shen Gong Chunren, Wu Sheng, Guang Yun, to Emperor Xiaowen, and the temple was named Taizong. In the late Ming Dynasty, Sejong was renamed Emperor Tian Kaihong, Gao Ming Zhao Yun, Wu Sheng Shen Gong, Chun Ren and Emperor Xiaowen, and was renamed Emperor Chengzu.

4. Ming Renzong Zhu Gaochi:

(1424-1425), Judy's eldest son, was also a prince in the Ming Dynasty. During his reign, he was politically clear and managed social contradictions, but his fate was tragic. He died after only one year as emperor. He pardoned many old ministers of Emperor Wen Jian, rehabilitated many unjust prisons, abolished many tyrannies, stopped the large-scale use of troops in Judy's period, and the people all over the world had a rest and the culture was revived. The treatment of scholars was better than that of Hongwu and Yongle dynasties. Zhu Gaochi was born pure and bright, reformed, respected and loved, so later generations spoke highly of him, which laid the foundation for Ren Xuan's rule.

5, Ming Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji:

(1425- 1435), the grandson of Judy, fought in the frontier with Judy in the glorious period of the Ming Dynasty and realized the rule of Ren Xuan. Zhu Zhanji was deeply loved and appreciated by her grandfather Judy and her father since she was a child. In the ninth year of Yongle (14 1 1), Cheng Zu was made the great-grandson of the emperor and followed Judy to conquer Mongolia many times. Hongxi acceded to the throne in the first year (1425). In the first year of Xuande (1426), the change of Zhu in Hanwang was put down. The following year, from cabinet ministers Yang Shiqi, Yang Rong and other discussions, we stopped fighting and crossed our toes. Pay attention to rectifying government management and finance, and continue to implement Renzong's measures to ease social contradictions.

6. Zhu Qizhen, Ming Yingzong:

(1436- 1449, 1457- 1464) was captured due to civil strife during his reign, and 1457 was put back as emperor. In Orthodox 14 (A.D. 1449), the change of the civil fort was captured by Wala, and his brother Wang Xi Zhu Qiyu succeeded to the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, respecting Yingzong as the emperor's father at a distance and changing it to Jingtai. In desperation, Vala released Yingzong. Immediately, Emperor Jingtai put him under house arrest in Nangong. A lock is seven years. In the eighth year of Jingtai (1457), Shi Heng and others launched a rebellion to seize the door, and Yingzong was reinstated as emperor, and another day was fine. Tianshun eight years (AD 1464), died of illness. The temple is named Yingzong, and it is said that Taoist Tian Li Ming Chengzun Wu Wenxian Zhi De Xiao Guang Rui Di. Buried in the Yuling of the Ming Tombs. Zhu Qizhen reigned for twenty-two years. At first, he was optimistic about Wang Zhen, and later he was optimistic about Cao Jixiang and Shi Heng. Although there were some shortcomings in politics, in his later years, he hired Li Xian, listened to advice, loved the people and was frugal, and had a lot of kindness. The martyrdom system was also abolished.

7. Zhu Qiyu, Ming Daizong:

Gong Jingren Kang Ding Jing, Emperor of Jingtai (1450-1457) was buried in Jingtai Mausoleum (the only Ming emperor who succeeded to the throne in Beijing but was not buried in 13 Mausoleum). Yingzong hated Jingdi for being unkind and called him the king of Japan. During the Chenghua period in Ming Xianzong, posthumous title was Emperor Gongren Kangding. In July of the first year of Nanming, Ugly B went to the temple to represent the sect, and posthumous title Fu Daogong was appointed as the Emperor of Kangding Long Wenbu Wu Xiande to worship the filial piety. In Qing Dynasty, posthumous title was also called Emperor Jing of Gongren Kangding, and Ming Daizong was called Emperor Jing in Ming and Qing history books.

8. Zhu Jianshen, Ming Xianzong:

Pure Emperor, following Tianning Road, sincerely respecting Wen, Su Wudong, Sheng Xiaochun, Chenghua (1465-1487) buried Maoling. After Zhu Jianshen ascended the throne, he felt it was time to change the current chaotic situation. At the beginning of his reign, he executed the eunuch in charge of politics and established the throne. Later, Yu Qian was rehabilitated by decree, and his son was restored to his official position in the DPRK, and he strongly praised Yu Qian's great achievements in the Ming Dynasty.

9. Ming Xiaozong Zhu Shitang:

To the Great Heaven Emperor, Ming Dow Cheng Chunzhong Zheng Wensheng, SHEN WOO Zhiren Dade and Hongzhi (1488-1505) were buried in Tailing. Zhu Shitang was generous and kind, thrifty, quiet, diligent in politics, attached importance to justice, spoke freely, tried to reverse the corruption in the political affairs, expelled the traitors, worked hard politically, and made great efforts to appoint upright ministers such as Wang Shu and Liu Daxia, which was known as "Hongzhi Zhongxing" in history. Li Guang, the eunuch, was favored at the end of the year, but he immediately turned over a new leaf and was highly praised by historians of past dynasties. Zhu Guozhen, a cabinet official in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, said: "Under three generations, the sages are Emperor Wendi, Song Renzong and I, Emperor Xiaozong.

10, Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao:

It is easy to be buried in Zheng De Kang Ling (1506-152 1). Ming Wuzong was a controversial emperor in history. In the past, many people thought that he was dissolute, violent, grotesque and shameless, and he was a rare ruthless king. However, through the research of historians in recent years, people's understanding of Wuzong has changed. Some people think that he pursues individual liberation, freedom and equality, but he is approachable, kind-hearted and a person with great personality. In recent years, historians have quite different views on this. Zhu Houzhao just likes to have fun, was born in the royal family and expected to be free. Judging from the triumph of Yingzhou under his command, he is also an emperor with real talent and practical learning.

1 1, Zhu Houzong of Ming Shizong:

Su Qin Tiandi took the road of winning righteousness, while Shengxuan Hongren was the dutiful son of Su Di. Jiajing (1522-1566) was buried in yongling. Zhu Houzong was the most unique emperor in the feudal history of China. Although he lived in Xiyuan for more than 20 years and studied Taoism and metaphysics, he always firmly controlled the political, financial, military and people's livelihood power of the Ming Dynasty.

12, Ming Muzong Zhu Zaihou:

Emperor Wu Wenguang Chun Dehong and Emperor Qin Long of Xiao Zhuang (1567-1572) were buried in Zhaoling. Zhu Zaihou, Amin Mu Zong, lusted after women and finally died for them. Due to excessive sexual life, taking aphrodisiac for a long time, after a few years, the body went from bad to worse and it was difficult to support. In March of the sixth year of Qin Long (1572), news came from the palace that Zhu Zaihou was dying. After resting for two months, he looked at things again, but suddenly he felt dizzy and returned to the palace. Knowing that he was seriously ill, he called Gao Gong, Zhang and Gao Yi to listen to the order and ordered the prince to succeed him. Later, he died in Gan Qing Palace.

Ming Shenzong Zhu Yijun 13:

Shi Di Fan Tianhe, Zhe Sutun, Jian Guang, Wu An Renzhi Shi Di, Wanli (1573-1620) was buried in Dingling. Since the 20th year of Wanli (1592), people's lives have been in dire straits while the internal struggle of the ruling class in Ming Dynasty was in full swing. Therefore, during the reign of Zongshen in the Ming Dynasty, this big ship was riddled with holes and was on the verge of sinking. In the forty-eighth year of Wanli (1620), in July, Zongshen, the longest, laziest and greediest emperor in the Ming Dynasty, finally passed away.

14, Ming Guangzong Zhu Changluo:

The true emperor worships heaven, advocates heroism, is altogether pure, Wu Wenjing Ren Yuan, Yi Xiaozhen, and Emperor Taichang (1620) actually reigned for one month and was buried in Qingling. Zhu Changluo's life experience, like Ming Shenzong's, was created by his father's lucky maid-in-waiting. Therefore, Zhu Changluo couldn't get his father's love since childhood. During his reign, in addition to Wanli mining tax, he carried out a series of reform measures to get rid of disadvantages, set things right and restore discipline. But after returning to the palace every day, I was immersed in debauchery and weakness.

15, Mingxi lived in Zhu Youxiao:

Qin Yong, the filial piety friend of Wu Zhuang, was told by Dadian Emperor, and the Apocalypse (162 1-1627) was buried in Deling. After the Apocalypse Emperor ascended the throne, Lin Dong was in charge of the Cabinet, Douchayuan and six departments. Lindong Party is strong and fair. Yang Lian, Zuo Guangdou, Zhao Nanxing, Gao Panlong and a large number of upright people held important positions in the DPRK, while treacherous court officials such as Fang Congzhe were gradually pushed out, and the official system was slightly clear. Because Yang Lian and others tried their best to help the Apocalypse Emperor ascend to the throne, the Apocalypse Emperor also trusted these Lindong party member and obeyed their orders.

16, Zhu Youjian of Mingzong Yi:

Emperor Shao Tianyi's way is simple and frugal, while Wu Dunren's way is filial piety. Chongzhen (1628-1644) was buried in Siling. Zhu Youjian, a promising young emperor, was diligent in politics and frugal, and committed six crimes himself. During his reign, the peasant uprising was rampant, and the Qing dynasty was powerful outside the customs, and it was already in a situation of internal troubles and foreign invasion. 1644, after Li Zicheng's army invaded Beijing, it hanged itself in Jingshan Park and sacrificed its life for the country, observing the ancestral motto of the Ming emperor: "The emperor defends his country and the king dies." 33 years old, in office 17.