The signing of Tianjin Treaty deepened the colonization of China. With the establishment of the Prime Minister's Office, the State Administration of Taxation and Wentong Museum, the power structure of the Qing government changed. It promoted the rise of Westernization Movement in the dynasty.

Sino-French Tianjin Treaty is another unequal treaty signed under the coercion of French invaders. The signing of Sino-French Tianjin Treaty is a further violation of China's sovereignty by France. Through this treaty, China was forced to open a new port, allowing navigation and trade in Neijiang, which made the French colonists further invade and plunder China, which had a serious impact on the social politics and economy of China and accelerated the semi-colonization of China.

Main contents of Tianjin Treaty:

(1) Minister in Beijing;

(2) compensation;

(three) foreigners travel, do business and preach in the mainland of China;

(3) Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in the Yangtze River port.

2. Beijing Treaty

The Beijing Treaty is an extension of the Tianjin Treaty, which is extremely harmful. After the opening of Tianjin, the western capitalist aggression forces had an aggression stronghold; The occupation of a large territory further undermined China's territorial sovereignty and integrity; The British and French invaders can openly plunder and sell the population of China and go abroad to be slaves and cattle and horses; Military reparations are another cruel plunder of the people of China.

The aggressive forces of foreign churches are deeper and more rampant; Open ports have extended from coastal areas to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. It violated China's judicial sovereignty and further deepened China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal status. These disasters have made the people of China more and more serious, and also violated the sovereignty of inland navigation in China.

The main contents of the Beijing Treaty:

This treaty not only confirms that the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty is still valid, but also adds an aggression clause:

(1) Tianjin opens.

(2) Allow Britain to recruit China workers to go abroad.

(3) Part of Kowloon Division (namely South Kowloon Peninsula, with an area of 1 1. 1 km2) was ceded to Britain.

(4) The compensation stipulated in the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty has been raised to 8 million taels. After signing the contract, Britain expressed its support for the Qing government to suppress the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and for the Westernization School Yixin to take power.

Extended data:

1, the historical background of the signing of Tianjin Treaty

1856, Britain captured the pirates aboard the China Arrow in Huangpu, Guangzhou, and sent troops to attack Guangzhou. France also invaded under the pretext that the French Catholic priest Marais was killed in Xilin, Guangxi. 1857, the British and French allied forces captured Guangzhou.

1858, the British and French fleets attacked Dagukou with the support of the United States and Russia. Dagubao fell and the British and French forces invaded Tianjin. The Qing government sent imperial envoys Gui Liang and Hua Shanna to sign the Tianjin Treaty with representatives of Russia, the United States, Britain and France respectively. In the same year, Russia forced Yi Shan, the general of Heilongjiang Province, to sign the Yuan Hui Treaty by force.

2. The historical background of the signing of the Beijing Treaty.

1856, the western capitalist countries headed by Britain launched the second opium war against China, which forced the Qing government to sign the unequal Tianjin Treaty in 1858, and further seized a lot of privileges. 1859, Britain, France and the United States sent ambassadors to China respectively to lead the fleet to exchange contracts in China.

The Qing government strengthened the defense of Tianjin and Dagu, and prepared to exchange contracts with British and French ministers in Shanghai to prevent them from entering Beijing. Britain and France refused to change the contract in Shanghai. 1June, 859, went north to Dagukou, Tianjin, and forcibly entered Dagu without taking the route designated by the Qing side. The result was defeated by the Qing army. Britain and France decided to organize allied forces to launch a large-scale war of aggression against China again.

1860 In August, more than 7000 people from the British and French allied forces/KLOC-0 arrived in the waters near Tianjin, conquered Dagu and occupied Tianjin, and defeated the main force of the Qing army in Tongxian County. On September 22, Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol, where he became Prince Gong. For plenipotentiaries and ministers, stay in Beijing to make peace. During the negotiations, the Qing government completely accepted the terms of Britain and France without any struggle.

1860 10 10 On October 24th, the Qing government fully negotiated with Minister Yi. Exchange the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty and sign the Sino-British Beijing Treaty with the British Plenipotentiary Erkin in the lobby of Beijing Ritual Department.

1860101October 25th, the Qing government fully negotiated with Minister Yi? In the lobby of Beijing Ritual Department, the Tianjin Treaty was exchanged with the French Plenipotentiary Gro, and the Sino-French Beijing Treaty was signed. British and French troops immediately withdrew from Beijing.

1860165438+1October 14. Did the Qing government fully discuss with Minister Yi? Signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty with Russian Ambassador to China Ignatief in Beijing, recognizing the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty, which has been refused to be ratified.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Sino-British Tianjin Treaty

Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty