PS: historical evolution
Datong area was discovered and excavated, and human fossils were found in the south of Xu Jiayao Village, the ancient town of Yanggao County. Xu Jiayao people are descendants of Beijingers. When moving westward about 654.38 million years ago, it was blocked by Datong Lake and settled here. At the same time, many Paleolithic sites were found in Xiqing Ciyao, Xiaozhan, Zuoyun Yao Jiajia and Guangling Ximazhuang in Datong City, and thousands of stone products were counted. Related mammalian fossils. Typical Neolithic microliths and pottery have been found on both sides of Wuzhou River, Yu He River and Sanggan River, in Datong Gaoshan Town, Yungang Nanliang, Zhenxi Village, Zhenchuan Nanliang, Gushan, Shanglongmen, Lu 'an Kiln, Jijiazhuang, datong county, Jiugaoshan in Zuoyun County, Louzituan in Tianzhen County, Hua Hui in Guangling County, Fotang Temple in datong county and Liyu in Hunyuan. Experts believe that as far back as 654.38 million years ago, human beings have been working and living here.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Northern Emperor lived in Datong. The Northern Emperor refers to the nomadic tribes Hulin and Loufan who hunt for a living. According to "The Warring States Policy and the Interpretation of the Earth", "Now it belongs to the north of Kelanfu, Shaanxi Province, so the construction troubled Alakazam; Datong, north of Shuozhou. Therefore, Linda laughed that the area from Datong to Hetao in Inner Mongolia was the place where Hu Lin lived in the Spring and Autumn Period. In the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Yao named He's son as the head of Beiyue, and his second son and uncle came to live there. In Shan Hai Jing, Datong in the Middle Ages was an Gu Ping country. Shang Tang was given the same surname here, and his son founded the country.
At the beginning of the warring States period, it was a representative country, and later it was incorporated into Zhao. According to Records of the Historian Zhao Family, Zi once told me that the son of the monarch would take the surname of the northern two countries. Jane's son died without bleeding, because he went to the summer resort in the north for Xiangzi's sake, so that the butcher could kill the king with bronze and wood, and then he rose up to replace the land.
In 22 1 year BC, Qin Shihuang unified China, abolished the system of enfeoffment, and established counties, with 36 counties in the whole country. Today, Datong is the land of Yanmen County and Dai Jun County. The recorded cities at that time were Pingcheng, Dai, Yanling, Pingshu, Wuzhousai, Xincheng, Banshi and Mayi. Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian, a general, to attack Xiongnu with 300,000 troops in the north, and collected troops to build the Great Wall. This valley, east of Zuoyun Mountain and west of Yungang, "build a city in Wuzhou to prevent Hu.
The Western Han Dynasty followed the Qin county system, and its places were still Yanmen County and Dai Jun County. Yanmen County belongs to the secretariat of Bingzhou. Jurisdiction, Guoyang,,, Yinguan, Loufan, Wuzhou,, Yan, Mayi, Jiangyin and Pingcheng six counties, with Pingcheng as the eastern governor. Dai Jun belongs to the secretariat of Youzhou, which governs Sanggan and 18 county. Today, there are 65,438+00 counties in Datong: Daoxian, Liu Gao, Banshi, Shishi, Pingshu, Yanling, Lingqiu, Qiru, Pingyi and Shenhe.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, each state set up state animal husbandry, which was later changed to secretariat. Its land is Yanmen and Dai Jun. Yanmen County belongs to Bingzhou Secretariat Department, Yinguan County and Fourteen Counties. Today, there are four counties in Datong: Fan Shi, Wuzhou, Yan and Pingcheng. Dai Jun belongs to the secretariat department of Youzhou, governs Liu Gao and belongs to eleven counties. Today, there are six counties in Datong County: Liu Gao, Daoxian, Banshi, Shishi, Peiping and Heping Shu. During the Jianwu period, Fang Lu rose up and abolished eight border areas, and the people of Yanmen and Dai Jun moved to Changshanguan and Juyong Guandong. In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, the county was restored. Since then, Yin Guan in Yanmen County has not moved, and the county still belongs to it. Represents the county and governs sorghum. "In Jian 'an, there are five counties in the cloud and Dingxiang, and the emerging county is in Taiyuan, and the county is a county. Therefore, there is no county of peace in the south of Gouzhu, which belongs to it. "At the end of the Han Dynasty, the northern land was abandoned as wasteland. Twenty years after Jian 'an, Cao Cao crusaded against Wu Huan and settled the land. The people in the northern counties of Anji County are located in Pingcheng County, Xinxing County, Jizhou. In the first year of Huang Chu, Bingzhou was restored, and Pingcheng belonged to Yanmen County of Bingzhou. Both Pingcheng, which belongs to Xinxing County of Jizhou, and Pingcheng, which belongs to Yanmen County of Bingzhou, are foreign lands with the same name.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the land was occupied by Wu Huan and Xianbei. When Emperor Hanming built Tongguang Temple in Pingcheng, it was the earliest Buddhist temple in Datong.
The northern part of Datong, Shanxi Province is the territory of Xianbei nationality, and the southern part is Yanmen County. At that time, the county had moved to Guangwu, and the counties under its jurisdiction were: Guangwu, Yan, Wangtao, Pingcheng,, Yuanping and Ant. Yongjia No.4 Pension has the power to rescue the stationed and Tuoba, and wrote to Jin Huaidi, asking Tuoba to be the representative of the public. In the first year of Jianxing, Tuoba Louis Ding Sheng was the northern capital, and after Qin and Han Dynasties, Pingcheng was the southern capital, and Pingcheng was restored to the old rule, belonging to the country.
Tuoba GUI of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital from Lesheng to Pingcheng in 398 AD, renamed him Emperor and Yuan Tianxing, and set up Sizhou and Daiyin to rule Pingcheng from generation to generation. Three thousand guards, heroes and officials from six states and twenty-two counties moved to Dai Jun. "Build a palace, build a shrine and build a country" and carry out a series of large-scale capital construction. The following month, "Zhao Yousi is exceeding the plan to build the capital and control the suburbs", defining the scope of the capital: "Dai Jun in the east, goodness in the west, Yinguan in the south and Shenan in the north. West to the River (Yellow River), south to Zhongshan and Mense, north to Wuyuan, with a land of thousands of miles. " It also has four directions and four dimensions, and eight commanders and fighters are guarding it.
In the first year of Tianbao in the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Eastern Wei Dynasty was replaced by the Northern Qi Dynasty, and Datong was the land of Beihengzhou and Beishuozhou, with little change. In the seventh year of Tianbao, Beihengzhou was changed to Heng 'an Town (now Datong), also known as Dongzhou Town, which belonged to Taiping County of Hengzhou, and 3,000 heroes moved here. Abandoning the town the following year, it is still Beihengzhou. During the Zhou and Qi Dynasties, Turks became more and more powerful. In order to defend Turkic, Rouran and Qidan, Yu Tianbao started from Xihe clan, built the Great Wall for three years, and traveled more than 200 kilometers eastward to the Bohai Sea. In the sixth year of natural forest protection, 6.5438+0.8 million people built the Great Wall, covering more than 450 kilometers from Youzhou Xiakou to western Hengzhou. In the seventh year of natural forest protection, the Great Wall was built from the general Qin of Xihe River to the east of the sea. All the buildings built before and after are above 1000 km.
In 557, the Western Wei was replaced by the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After Jiande was destroyed in six years, the county was abolished, Heng 'an Town was restored, and Shuozhou was changed to the general administration of Beishuozhou. Change Taiping County to Yunzhong County (this is called Yunzhong Chu). Lingqiu belongs to Yuzhou and is under the jurisdiction of Lingqiu County.
After China was unified in the first year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (58 1), the state was changed to county, and the land was Mayi County and Yanmen County. Mayi County governs Yang Shan, Yang Shan, SHEN WOO, Yunnei and Kaiyang. Yanmen County governs Yanmen, Yanmen, Ma County, Wutai and Lingqiu. Heng 'an Town belongs to Yunnei County, Mayi County. In the fifth year of Huang Kai (585), it was appointed as the secretariat office of Daizhou. In order to resist the invasion of Turks, the great cause lasted for three years (607), and the Sui Dynasty "sent more than one million people to build the Great Wall, starting from Yulin in the west and ending in He Zi in the east on the 10th". In August of 6 15 AD, Yang Guang toured Saibei, and the Turks learned that he led 65,438+ten thousand troops into the fortress, so Yang Guang was forced to retreat to the Wild Goose Gate. With the help of the national army and civilians, Yang cleared the way. The following year, the Turks committed another crime and were repelled by Tang Gaozu's army.
In the early Tang Dynasty, the county system was implemented according to the Sui Dynasty. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), Pingli Wuzhou was restored, and Heng 'an Town was located in Beihengzhou. In the sixth year of Wude (623), Yuzhou left Lingqiu in Yanmen County. In the seventh year of Wude (624), Beiheng County was abandoned. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), the world was 13 Road, and Wei Yun, Shuozhou and other states belonged to Hedong Road. Yunzhou governs the cloud, and the county governs the cloud. Yuzhou governs the development of the Tang Dynasty, the development of the Tang Dynasty, the flying fox and the Lingqiu. Shuozhou governs goodness, Yang Shan and Mayi. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Hunyuanchuan was named Hunyuanzhou; Yingzhou is established in the name of Yanmen Mountain and Longshou Mountain echoing north and south. In the 14th year of Zhenguan (640), Dingxiang County was established in Guyun County, and Yunzhou was also ruled. In the third year of Longshuo (663), Yunzhong Capital was protected by the imperial court. In the first year of Yongchun (682), it was destroyed by the desert water of East Turkistan, and all counties were abandoned, and the people moved to Shuozhou. In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), the county was restored and Dingxiang was changed to Yunzhong County. Abandon North Hengzhou as Dongzhou City and Fuyunzhou. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Yunzhou was changed to Yunzhong County. In the first year of Gan Yuan (758), Yunzhong County was changed to Yunzhou Huichang for three years (843). Yunzhou and Weizhou were regarded as Datong Road, so they belonged to Hedong, and their capital was Yingyong, and Yunzhou was ruled. In the 10th year of Xian Tong (869), the Datong Army was founded. In the second year of Zhonghe (882), Datong Festival was changed to Yanmen Festival. In four years (884), Yunzhou transferred to Hedong Road. After Tang Zhide, the central plains secretariat commanded the army, and the Datong defense envoy was led by Yunzhou secretariat, which governed Yunzhou, Wei and Shuozhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yunzhou became the main area of struggle between Shatuo and Tugu Hunlian. It is also the place where Li Keyong and his son got rich. In the third year of Ganfu (876), Li Zike, our ambassador of Datong Army, took him as a guard and captured and killed the defenders in the clouds, according to the state. Nuozong pardoned Guo Chang as the defense emissary of Datong Army, but he was not ordered. In the first year of Guangming (880), Li Zhuo attacked Guo Chang, Guo Chang suffered a crushing defeat, and went north with Ke Yong. A total of nesting into the capital, a letter to collect the northern army, seeking forgiveness, making it a fu, with a utilization rate of 35 thousand riding south, taking the first place in the capital and making it the king of Longxi County. Guo Chang died, and he used Yunzhou. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Yunzhou fell into a long-term war, and Li, the son of Li Keyong, destroyed the beam for the Tang Dynasty.
The land of the Five Dynasties was occupied by the later Tang Dynasty, and the division did not change much. Yunzhou Yunzhong County belongs to Hedong Road. Li Keyong and the Khitan Lu Ye Abaoji met in Dongcheng, Yunzhou, and they were brothers. Because of the meaning of "Siren", it was renamed Huairen County; On the establishment of Guangling County (now Guangling County) in Xingtang County of Yuzhou in 924. In the third year of Tongguang (925), the later Tang Dynasty and Yunzhou were the Datong Army Day. In the third year of Qing Dynasty (936), Shi Jingtang, a rebel river general, took Yelvdeguang, the master of Qidan, as his father, took Enemy at the Gates of Qidan, destroyed the later Tang Dynasty, proclaimed himself emperor, and was promoted. Sixteen states were ceded to the Khitan with the help of the Khitan. In the cloud, Wu Luan was sentenced to "disobeying the orders of the Khitan and staying indoors", repairing equipment day and night and guarding the city for half a year. "The mountain seeks help from Jin, and the Lord of Jin calls the mountain to the south", and Yunzhou falls. At this point, Datong was ruled by Khitan, Nuzhen and Mongolian rulers for 433 years, which made the Han rule in the Central Plains lose its northern Pingfan.
In the second year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (937), Liao entered Yunzhou. It was a festival of Datong Army. In the 13th year of Chongxi (1044), Yunzhou was changed to Xijing, and Datong Prefecture was located in Xijing Road. In the seventeenth year of worshiping Xi (1048), datong county was established as the capital of Liao Dynasty. Western Liaoning is under the jurisdiction of Jingdao: Datong Prefecture, which governs Datong. Unify 2 states and 7 counties: Hongzhou, Dezhou, datong county, Yunzhong, Tiancheng, Changqing, Fengyi, Huairen and Huai 'an. Yuzhou ruled Yuzhou and unified Lingxian, Ding 'an, Flying Fox, Lingqiu and Guangling. Yingzhou governs Jincheng and unifies Jincheng, Hunyuan and Heyang. Shuozhou governs Yang Shan and unites Yang Shan, Wuzhou, Ningyuan, Ant and SHEN WOO.
Song was a three-level system of roads, states and counties, with national roads 15. In the fifth year of Xuanhe (1 123), Yunzhong Mansion Road was preset, which governed Yunzhong Mansion, Wu, Ying, Shuo, Wei, Guihua, Guihua and other eight states, and was unified with Yunzhou as "Kyushu behind the Mountain". The preset map of Song-Jin alliance attacking Liao country. Later, Jin stood me up. Except for the fifth year of Xuanhe (1 123), Wu, Ying, Shuo and Wei were once returned to the Song Dynasty and were captured by the Jin people. Xijing only let Yang Ye capture Yunzhou for three months in the third year of Yongxi (986) and never entered the territory of the Song Dynasty. "Reading History Summary" points out that "Historical progress belongs to the Khitan, and there can be no more in the Song Dynasty, so it is based on the suffering of Jingkang. Jurchen died in Liao and Mongolia died in Jin, and they all went to Datong first, and Yanjing could not be consolidated. "
In the second year of Jin-Liao Bao (1 122), Han Zong of Jin captured Datong mansion, still taking Datong as Xijing, changing Xijing Road to Xijing Road, and the government and county remained unchanged. Xijing Road governs 2 states, 7 towns, 8 thorn counties, 39 counties and 9 towns. In the first year of Huangtong (1 14 1), Xijing Road was attached to Marshal's Office and the old army was deployed. In the second year of Tiande (1 150), he moved to the general manager's office of Xijing Road, and then to the left-behind department. Set up the transshipment ambassador and the penalty department of Xijing Road in Zhongdu. Datong has jurisdiction over 7 counties: Datong, Yunzhong, Xuanning, Huai 'an, Tiancheng, Deng Bai and Huairen. The province took Yixian as its town and merged into Datong. In the second year of Bao (1 122), when Jin attacked Xijing, "the heavenly army was a drum, and the capital was trapped in four places, and the temples and pavilions were instantly reduced to ashes". Since Liao Wei, the exhibition hall has been burned down again and the hall has been collected into rubble. There were only ten, three and four buildings left the day before yesterday. " After Jin occupied Datong, in order to heal the wounds of war, he carried out large-scale construction, city repair and temple repair. After renovation and reinforcement, the south gate of Hanchi in Datong City was renamed as Fengtian, the east gate was renamed as Ren Xuan, and the west gate was renamed as Fucheng. Yungang Grottoes were renovated, and the "Fireworks Department entrusted 3,000 people to change the tug-of-war road" and moved south to prevent the stone Buddha from being flooded. Rebuilding Yungang Tenth Temple, "Rebuilding nine pagodas and four pagodas in Lingyan ... every thirty pagodas ... and building more than 500 stone walls", took three and a half years to rebuild Huayan Temple and Dafuen Temple. In the fifteenth year of Tianhui (1 137), Taizu Hall was built in Xijing. In the fifth year of Jin Dading's reign (1 165), he built palaces in Xijing, including Bao 'an Hall, Neiting and Xijing Palace. And set up a cabinet door ambassador, responsible for the ceremony. And the ambassador of Xijing Palace. Xijing, the capital of Liao and Jin Dynasties, once again flourished in the north, becoming a transit point for exchanges between the Central Plains and northern ethnic minorities, linking all ethnic groups, and Datong was once again brilliant.
Datong was also called Xijing in the early Yuan Dynasty. In the seventh year of Taizu (12 12), the police patrolled the hospital. In the second year of Zhiyuan (1265), Yunzhong County of the province entered Datong. The Yuan Dynasty was divided into four levels: provincial, Taoist and prefectural (county). In the 25th year of Yuan Dynasty (1288), it was changed to Datong Road, Xijing Road, which belonged to the Propaganda and Counseling Department of Shanxi Road, Hedong, Zhongshu Province, and was under the jurisdiction of one consul and eight states. One consul is the records department, located in Datong. Datong, Deng Bai, Xuanning, Pingdi and Huairen counties. The eight states are Hong, Hunyuan, Ying, Shuo, Wu, Feng, Dongsheng and Yunnei. Shangdu Road governs Datong and parts of Hebei. Shunning Prefecture governs Yuzhou, leading immortals, flying foxes, Ding 'an, Lingqiu and Guangling. The other day of the Yuan Dynasty was Tiancheng County, which belonged to Xuande House. Later it belonged to Xinghe Road. In the fourth year of Dade (1300), a wasteland was established in Huanghualing, Xijing. In six years (1302), ten thousand households were established.
In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), Chang Yuchun, the deputy general of Zuo, captured Datong. The administrative divisions of the Ming Dynasty were divided into four levels: province, state and county. In the seventh year of Hongwu (1374), Datong Road was changed to Datong House, which belonged to Shanxi Province. In the ninth year (1376), it was changed to undertake the propaganda department. Datong Prefecture governs datong county, Hunyuan, Ying, Shuo, Weisi and seven counties of Datong, Huairen, Mayi, Yin Shan, Guangling, Lingqiu and Guangchang. Xuanning County was incorporated into datong county. In Ming dynasty, the garrison system was implemented militarily. In the fourth year of Hongwu (137 1), Guanbai, the capital of Datong, was established. In the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), it was changed to the command department of Shanxi Hangdu. In the 25th year of Hongwu (1392), he moved to Datong. 26th Guard Corps, jurisdiction: east of Juyongguan, Beijing; It starts from the bend of the Yellow River in the west, stretching for more than 1000 kilometers from east to west and hundreds of kilometers from north to south. Its range is the first of the nine sides. After the 14th Guards, there were Datong avant-garde, defender, left-back, Yanghe, Tiancheng, Weiyuan, Pinglu, Yun Chuan, Yulin, Lu Zhen, Gaoshan, Xuande and Dongsheng. In the 29th year of Hongwu (1396), he was ordered to guard Hebei North Road, stationed in Datong, and Jiajing moved to Shuozhou. In the sixth year of Yongle (1408), the governor was appointed as the suggestion. In the seventh year of Yongle (1409), Datong town was established, and the town was established as the governor. In the seventh year of Chenghua (147 1), a governor was established. In the eighth year of Zheng De (15 13), the general system was established, which governed 13 health centers, 823 forts and 307 docks. Datong is divided into four roads and governs nine roads. At most, there are 135778 troops and 5 1654 horses. Sometimes, it is called "the waistcoat of great scholars in the world".
In May of the second year of Qing Shunzhi (1645), the king of Qing sent Wu to attack Datong, and Jiang Xiang killed the general stationed in Datong peasant army and surrendered to the Qing army. Datong county was ruled by Datong Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty, led by four counties and seven counties in the early Meiji period, and was subordinate to Shanxi Chief Secretary, and later changed to Shanxi Province. In the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Jiang Xiang surrendered and rebelled. The following year, Dourgen personally supervised the siege for more than nine months. After the city was broken, the Qing army carried out the most cruel slaughter of Datong. Except for 23 players, including Yang Zhenwei, who sacrificed Jiang Xiang's head and his family, all other lawsuits, officials, soldiers and civilians tried their best to kill him and knocked down the wall of Datong by 5 feet. Datong became an abandoned city, Datong was abandoned, and there was no official position. The government moved to Yanghewei and named it Yanghe Government. Datong County moved to Anbao, Huairen County, Xi. It was not until the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652) that the nearby immigrants gradually revived. In the thirteenth year of Shunzhi (1656), he proclaimed the governor and set up Datong. In the fourth year of Kangxi (1665), the governor was removed and merged into Yanmen Road. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), Shuoping House was established in Youyulinwei, and the Ming garrison was abolished. On another day, Wei Zhen is Tianzhen County, Yanggao County, Zuoyun Chuanwei is Zuoyun County, Youyulinwei is Youyu County, and Pinglu County is Pinglu County. Datong county is under the jurisdiction of Datong Prefecture, which governs seven counties, namely Hunyuan, Yingzhou, Datong, Huairen, Yin Shan, Yanggao, Tianzhen, Guangling, Lingqiu and Fengzhen Clubhouse. In the late Qing Dynasty, datong county administered 580 villages, including 194 villages in the east, 177 villages in the south, 9/kloc-0 villages in the west and 165438 villages in the north. Shuoping Prefecture governs Youyu County, which governs Youyu, Zuoyun, Pinglu, Shuozhou and Mayi.
In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), Datong abandoned the government and left the county, and Datong county was an observer in the northern land. In the 2nd year of the Republic of China (19 13), Yanmen Road was set up in May to govern Datong and administer Yanbei 13 county and Xinxian 13 county, with a total of 26 counties. The northern Shanxi garrison was stationed in Datong. After the abandoned road in 16 (1927) in the Republic of China, Datong was a county directly under Shanxi Province, which governed nine streets and 585 villages in five administrative regions.
During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Datong had three administrative divisions. Japanese-Puppet Administrative Division:1In the morning of September, 937, the Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Datong City, 15 10, and in October, a puppet "Jinbei Autonomous Government" was established, which was subordinate to the puppet "Mongolian Joint Commission" and governed Yanbei County13; 1September, 939, changed to the pseudo "northern Shanxi yamen", which belongs to the pseudo "Mongolian joint autonomous government"; 1943 was changed to the pseudo "Datong Provincial Office" and was subordinate to the pseudo "Mongolian Autonomous Prefecture Government".