■ American War of Independence1776-1783;
The American War of Independence (1775- 1783), or the American Revolutionary War, was originally a war between the British Empire and its revolutionaries in 13 colonies in North America. At first, the war was mainly aimed at the economic policy of the British Empire, but later, because France, Spain and the Netherlands joined the war against the British Empire, the scope of the war far exceeded that of British North America.
At the same time, many North American Indians were mobilized to participate in the war. During the war, Britain was able to take advantage of its naval superiority to occupy colonial coastal cities, but how to control rural areas made the British army extremely difficult. With the victory of the naval battle in Schabik, the British army surrendered in the battle of Yorktown at 178 1. 1783 Paris Treaty recognized the independence of the United States of America. During the War of Independence, many colonists fled thirteen colonies to escape the war and settled in the north. This war also prepared for Canada's independence in the future. Although the American revolution includes political and social development before and after the war, the terms American revolutionary war and American revolution are often used interchangeably. Only military activities are mentioned here. If you need a broader vision, including the origin and subsequent influence, please refer to the American Revolution. See American Revolution. ■ The Second War between the United States and Britain
18 12- 18 15
After the independence of the United States, the British Empire has been unwilling to fail in an attempt to recapture the colonies. At the same time, the United States also wants to buy western North America and liberate Canada controlled by Britain. 1812 June18, the United States declared war on Britain, and the US military launched an attack on Canada. Because of the shortage of troops, Britain bribed many North American Indians to attack the American army. Soon the American army was defeated, and important cities and fortresses such as Detroit were occupied by Britain.
1865438+In August 2004, the British army mobilized heavy troops from Canada to attack the United States, occupied Washington, the capital of the United States, and burned down the US Capitol and the White House, but it was stubbornly blocked by the US military in Baltimore. In September, the British army attacked new york by land and water, and the British navy was wiped out and retreated to Canada. On February 24th, 65438, Britain and America signed the Ghent Peace Treaty, and Britain confirmed the independence of the United States. 1815 65438+10 In October, British troops attacked New Orleans, but were repelled by American troops. The war is over. In this war, the United States attacked the strong with the weak. Although it did not seize new territory, it made Britain completely give up its intention to conquer the United States. The United States also abandoned its plan to go north to Canada and turned south to attack Mexico.
In addition, from a neutral standpoint, we cannot simply say that Americans are not good to Indians, but Britain is better. Britain may have a better attitude towards American Indians, but it has done much more bad things in other parts of the world than Americans, such as the genocide of local aborigines in the war between Australia and Zulu. ■ westward expansion period (1820-1865)
The westward movement of the United States is a large-scale immigration and colonization movement in the United States, and it is a process of urbanization, industrialization and great integration of the American nation. This westward movement has had a great and far-reaching impact on American economy, politics and society. So far, an American history can be said to be a western colonial history to a great extent. It laid the foundation for the United States to develop into a powerful country.
■ American-Mexican War (1846 ~ 1848)
Plantations in Texas, Mexico, rebelled at 1835 and demanded to be merged into the United States. Mexico sent troops to suppress. So the United States invaded Texas and invaded Mexico. In May, the United States declared war on Mexico.
1846 may18, American troops occupied Matamos to the south, Monterrey in September and Saarti in June 165438+ 10. In June of the same year, Carney led 1700 American troops to the west and captured Mexico and California. 1847 In February, Taylor's troops defeated 14000 Mexican troops led by Mexican President Santa Anna in Buena Vista. In March, under the command of Commander-in-Chief Squet, 65,438+0,000 American troops landed in Veracruz in the Gulf of Mexico. On the 29th, American troops captured Veracruz. On April 18, the US military defeated President Santa Anna and the main force of the General Staff. On May 5th, American troops occupied Puebla and approached Mexico City. In August, American reinforcements arrived, and American troops defeated Mexican troops again in contreras. The two sides held peace talks and the talks broke down on September 7. On September 8, the US military launched an attack on Mexico City, but it was repelled. On June 12, American troops occupied the highlands outside the city and shelled the city walls. 14, American troops invaded Mexico city, 16, took control of the whole city and imposed martial law. The Mexican president was removed from office in June+10, 5438. In June 1847, 1 65438+1October1,Ancio was elected interim president of Mexico, and in June 1848,1,the two sides began peace talks. On February 2, the two sides signed a peace treaty, and Mexico ceded Texas, New Mexico and Upper California. In June 1848, 12, American troops withdrew from Mexico City, and the war ended.
Through this small-scale war, the United States seized 2.3 million square kilometers of land and became a big country across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, which is rare in the world. Mexico, which has just gained independence from Spain for more than ten years, has lost most of its territory and its strength has been greatly weakened. Since then, the United States has gained the status of a great American country.
American Civil War (American Civil War) 186 1 year-1865
■ Causes of North-South Opposition and Conflict —— The situation of "one country, two systems" in the United States
The Civil War, also known as the American Civil War, was the only large-scale military conflict in American history. The two sides involved in the war are the United States of America (referred to as the Federation) and the United States of America (referred to as the Confederacy). 1850, the dispute over slavery between the north and the south of the United States began to heat up. However, the focus of the debate is not whether slavery should be abolished in the southern United States, but whether some newly joined States allow slavery, which is related to the balance of power distribution between free States and slave-holding States in the federal government. The war broke out because 1 1 states in the southern United States withdrew from the Union in 186 1, and another government with Jefferson Davis as the "president" was established, and the federal troops stationed in the south were expelled. President Lincoln decided to attack these "rebellious" states. This war not only changed the political and economic situation in the United States at that time, but also had a great impact on American civil society in the future. At that time, the constitution of the United States was formulated by the earliest 13 state in North America. Later, people in the new areas gained by American expansion did not participate in the constitution-making, so there was a crisis of denying the constitution in the United States. Once the constitution is denied, as an immigrant country, the United States will disintegrate.
Lincoln, an American Republican, opposed the expansion of slavery, so he was greatly hated by southern planters whose main economic lifeline was agriculture. 1860, Lincoln was elected president. For the south, South Carolina first declared its secession at 186 1.
1860 After the US presidential election, before Lincoln took office, a total of seven states quickly seceded from the Union. These states are:
-South Carolina (1860 65438+February 2 1) Mississippi (186165438+1October 9) Florida (186/kloc-0)
-Georgia (186119), Louisiana (18611October 26th), Texas (/.
1864 In September, the northern army led by General Sherman captured Atlanta in one fell swoop, and two months later began the famous "March to the sea", which completely destroyed various military facilities of the Southern Army and paralyzed the southern economy. On the eastern front, General Grant led the northern army to drive the southern army to Richmond, the capital of the rebel army. At the beginning of 1865, slaves fled to the north, and the plantation economy was on the verge of collapse. The sea blockade imposed by the northern navy almost cut off the trade between the south and Europe. At the same time, there were opposition voices in the south, and many small farmers joined the Federalist and engaged in anti-war activities. There are more and more deserters in the south. Food and daily necessities are scarce. 1April 9, 865, Li's confederate army was trapped in the encirclement of the northern army and was forced to surrender to Grant. The American Civil War ended. The United States is reunified. The civil war eliminated slavery, thus clearing the way for the rapid development of American capitalism. Therefore, it laid the foundation for the United States to become the most advanced industrial and agricultural capitalist country in the world in the19th century. ■ Indian War1865–1890
Black Mountain in South Dakota is a sacred place for Sioux Indians. At that time, the United States and Indians signed an agreement, recognizing that Montenegro will always be a sacred place for Indians, and Indians have the right to prohibit any white people from approaching. 1865, an economic crisis occurred in the United States, and rich mines were discovered in Montenegro, which helped Americans who were in deep economic difficulties find a lifeline. Tens of thousands of gold prospectors went to Montenegro to mine, which triggered an armed conflict between Sioux people and the US government. 1876, the Sioux raised more weapons and bullets than the American Seventh Cavalry Corps stationed there, leading the American Seventh Cavalry Corps into a trap and annihilating it. Therefore, the Sioux people attracted the attention of the American government, and the scale of the war expanded to an unprecedented scale. Sioux people were hunted everywhere and starved, and Sioux people soon surrendered.
Now, in Montenegro, South Dakota, the United States, a mountain sculpture is being made into a statue in memory of Sioux chiefs to commemorate Sioux people. There is also the American Indian Museum to commemorate the history of that year. There are currently 75,000 Sioux people, mainly living on reservations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Nebraska.
■ Spanish-American War 1898
Spain, which has declined, is isolated internationally. The people of Cuba and the Philippines launched an armed struggle against Spanish colonial rule, especially Spain's cruel suppression of Cuban insurgents angered Americans and caused tension between the United States and the West. 1898 February 15, the battleship Maine sent by the United States to Cuba to protect overseas Chinese was blown up in Havana harbor. The United States suspected that the Spanish did it, and on April 22, the United States took military action against Spain.
1On April 30th, 898, the American fleet entered Manila Bay, Philippines. The next morning, although the American fleet was small, after several hours of fighting, the Spanish fleet was completely annihilated, with 38 1 Spanish casualties. Only seven Americans were injured. At the same time, the Philippine rebels took active actions to control the periphery of Manila (where Spanish troops were stationed), occupied many important islands and towns, and established a national government headed by Aquinas. On August 13, the newly arrived American troops landed with the support of the fleet, and the American troops joined hands with the Philippine rebels to force the Spanish troops stationed in Manila to surrender. However, after the abolition of Spanish colonial rule, the US government did not make the Philippines truly independent, and announced "military protection" for the Philippines.
In the Caribbean, Spain originally stationed more than 200,000 troops in Cuba and other places. Under the leadership of Bates, the Cuban rebels liberated a large area of land and created a favorable situation. After the Maine incident, the Spanish government sent a fleet to defend Puerto Rico and entered the port of Santiago on May 19. The US North Atlantic Fleet immediately blocked the port and planned to cooperate with the US military to annihilate the Spanish fleet in the port. On July 3, the Spanish fleet withdrew from the port of Santiago and was annihilated by the American fleet outside the port, with 160 dead and 1800 captured. There were only two casualties in the United States. /kloc-on 0/6, American troops and Cuban rebels besieged the city of Santiago, and 23,000 Spanish defenders inside and outside the city announced their surrender. On the 25th, the expeditionary force led by US Army Commander Miles landed in Puerto Rico. The Spanish government made peace. On August 12, the United States and Spain agreed to stop military operations.
10 February 10, the two sides signed a peace treaty in Paris. The peace treaty stipulates that Spain recognizes Cuba's independence and assigns Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States; The United States paid Spain $20 million as compensation for the Philippines. During the whole war, about 5000 Americans died (less than 400 of them died, most of them died of illness). The United States seized important overseas colonies from Spain at a very small cost. This war has become one of the main signs that the world has entered the era of imperialism. During the war, the United States navy had a high degree of combat readiness, but the army was not well prepared, Lu Haijun did not cooperate well, and the organization of landing operations was chaotic, which prompted the United States to further strengthen its navy after the war, and tried to overcome the problems exposed in the war and prepare for its continued overseas expansion. ■ Participated in the war between Eight-Nation Alliance and the Great Qing Dynasty 1900.
The aggression, colonization and trade friction between Britain, France, Russia and Japan against the Qing Dynasty intensified, which aroused the resistance of the Qing people. Boxers keep attacking western businesses and churches. Kill westerners.
On June 20th 1900, En Hai, spear team of Ji Shen battalion of Qing army, led a patrol. Eun-hae saw Cleander coming in a sedan chair, that is, standing at a height in the north and pointing a gun at the sedan chair. Cleander, the German envoy, shot in the sedan chair and missed. Eun-hae immediately shot, Cleander died on the spot and the translator was injured.
So Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria formed a Coalition and entered the Great Qing Dynasty by military action, with a total number of nearly 30,000 people.
1July 900 14 Allied forces conquered Tianjin; /kloc-in August of 0/4, Beijing was conquered. Empress Dowager Cixi, Emperor Guangxu and their relatives fled to xi 'an and sent Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang to make peace. Russia also mobilized 6,543.8+7,000 cavalry to invade northeast China in six ways. In June+February, 5438, the Allied Forces put forward a peace program, which forced the Qing government to accept it completely, and signed the Treaty of Xin Chou on September 7, 190 1. After that, Eight-Nation Alliance withdrew his troops and returned to China, except one stationed in Beijing, Tianjin and Yushu.
■ Haiti War 19 15
An uprising broke out in the Haitian capital. Fearing the success of the revolution, Oscar, the local governor of Port-au-Prince, ordered the execution of 65,438+060 political prisoners, including former President General Orestes Zambo. An angry mob put Oscar to death, then killed Guillaume, the French minister, and tore his body to pieces.
1965438+On July 29th, 2005, 400 American marines on the destroyer Washington landed in Port-au-Prince to protect the safety of American and other foreign citizens. ■ World War I1917-1918.
1965438+ World War I broke out on August 4, 2004. Because of the strong isolationism and pacifism in the United States at that time, the anti-war sentiment of the American people was high. Therefore, President Wilson declared that the United States remained neutral.
But on June 5438+0917 65438+10/9, British eavesdroppers intercepted a German cipher telegram. This is a secret telegram from German Foreign Secretary zimmermann to the German Ambassador to Mexico. The telegram instructed the ambassador to suggest to the Mexican president that a German-Mexican alliance should be formed on the basis of splitting the United States, and promised to provide Mexico with comprehensive financial assistance and help Mexico acquire the territories of New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. Zimmermann also suggested that the Mexican president mediate between Germany and Japan and form a German-Japanese-Mexican alliance against the United States. This information has led to the intensification of the contradiction between virtue and virtue. 1917 65438+1October 3 1 day, Germany announced that it would resume and expand unrestricted submarine warfare and would sink merchant ships, whether belligerent or neutral, near the British Isles and the eastern Mediterranean. 1965438+On February 3, 2007, a German submarine sank the USS Hausatnik, and on the same day, the United States announced that it had broken diplomatic relations with Germany. On April 6, the United States declared war on Germany.
■ World War II1941-1945
In September 1939, 1, Germany invaded Poland and World War II broke out in an all-round way. At that time, because the United States was located on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, domestic isolationism and pacifism were very strong, and the neutral attitude of Congress made the United States not immediately participate in the war. 1940 In July, the United States imposed an embargo on steel, aviation oil and lubricants on Japan and Germany through the Export Control Law. 194 1 In March, the United States passed the Lending Act, which authorized the President to provide weapons and war materials to countries that he considered vital to national defense. At this point, the United States has changed from a neutral country to a de facto anti-fascist country. In August of the same year, Roosevelt held talks with British Prime Minister Churchill on a warship and signed the Atlantic Charter to destroy the fascist dictatorship, which triggered fierce diplomatic friction among the United States, Japan and Germany. 194110 On February 7th, a fleet with six aircraft carriers as the main force, under the command of Japanese vice admiral Nayun Zhong Yi, attacked Pearl Harbor, the resident of the US Pacific Fleet in Oahu, Hawaii. The US military suffered heavy losses, and ships such as the US Pacific Fleet 12 Battleship were sunk or damaged. 188 planes were destroyed, 155 planes were damaged, and 2403 Americans were killed. The next day, the United States declared war on Germany, Italy and Japan.
■ Cold War (1945— 199 1)
After World War II, the two superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, faced the opposition of dividing up the world. However, the two countries are constantly engaged in conventional and nuclear arms races, and have successively established two largest military organizations in the world. North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Treaty Organization, because there is no direct war between the United States and the Soviet Union. So it is called the cold war. With the collapse of socialist countries such as the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the cold war of 199 1 ended. The United States has become the only superpower in the world. ■ Korean War1950 ——1954.
1948 In September, in order to prevent the direct conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union, after South Korea successfully completed the presidential election, most American troops withdrew from South Korea, resulting in the backward and rudimentary development of South Korea's military strength.
1950 On June 25th, North Korea * * * Kim Il Sung suddenly invaded South Korea with the support of the Soviet Union. The backward South Korean army has no defense at all. Three days later, the North Korean army occupied Seoul, Daejeon, Mokpo and Jinzhou, South Korea, on June 28th, July 24th and July 3rd. South Korean troops and United Nations troops, who just arrived in July, were driven back to the front line of Busan near the sea by the North Korean army.
On June 27th, the UN Security Council held an emergency meeting. The UN Security Council passed a resolution with a vote of 13 to 1 (Yugoslavia voted against it) to form a UN force to intervene in the Korean Peninsula war. The United Nations forces, led by the US military, are composed of Britain, Turkey, Canada, Thailand, New Zealand, Australia, the Netherlands, France, the Philippines, Greece, Belgium, Colombia, Ethiopia, Luxembourg and South Africa. General MacArthur of the United States was appointed commander-in-chief.
On September 15, the US military successfully landed in Incheon, carried out a surprise attack from the rear of the North Korean army, and quickly recaptured Incheon Port and nearby islands. On September 22, the United Nations forces retreated to Busan circular defensive circle and took advantage of the situation to fight back. On September 27th, the Incheon landing troops joined forces with Busan troops near Shui Yuan and liberated Seoul, the capital of South Korea, 28 days later. 1 01October1day, the first batch of Korean troops entered Korea to fight. 654381October 7, United Nations troops crossed the 38th parallel and advanced towards Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. 65438+1October1South Korean troops liberated Yuanshan, and 65438+1October 19 United Nations troops liberated Pyongyang. North Korea fled to the Yalu River on the border between China and North Korea.
65438+1On October 25th, China dispatched troops to Anton, Hekou and Ji 'an on the border between China and North Korea to repel the unsuspecting United Nations troops. 10 in July, the United States and the DPRK finally agreed to a ceasefire and sat down at the negotiating table. 1953 On July 27th, the two sides signed a ceasefire agreement. ■ Vietnam War 196 1- 1975
1961may, president Kennedy sent a special force code-named "green beret" to south Vietnam in order to support the Wu Tingyan regime in southern Vietnam, which was considered as a sign of the beginning of the Vietnam war. From 1962 to 1964, the guerrillas in southern Vietnam fought the "strategic village plan" of the United States for more than 40 times, with more than 2,000 American casualties. Guerrillas in southern Vietnam seized more than two-thirds of the land and 7 million people in southern Vietnam. 1On August 4th, 964, American destroyers maddox and Tenner Choe were attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats while patrolling the high seas in Tokyo Bay (i.e. Beibu Gulf), and then the United States retaliated by bombing the North Vietnamese naval base. Meanwhile, the United States sent more troops to Vietnam. On March 8th,1965,3500 US Marines were there. 1968, South Vietnamese armed forces launched the "New Year offensive". After 45 days of fierce fighting, American troops were killed or injured 15000, and the "gradual escalation" strategy of the United States failed. The anti-war movement in America is getting higher and higher. 1973 65438+1On October 27th, the United States and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam signed the Paris Agreement on Vietnam, declaring that the US military action in Vietnam failed. After the withdrawal of American troops, more than 20,000 military advisers were left in South Vietnam, and a considerable number of naval and air forces were retained to support 165438+ Wan Nan Vietnamese troops. 1974 North Vietnam regained control of most villages in the south. 1975 In the spring, the North Vietnamese army and the South People's Armed Forces launched a famous spring offensive, and defeated the South Vietnamese army after three major battles: Xiyuan, Hue, Da Nang and Saigon. 1975 From April 29th to April 30th, the US military organized the largest helicopter evacuation operation in history, which marked the end of the US involvement in the Vietnam War. On the same day, Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, fell, and North Vietnam captured the US Embassy in Saigon and the presidential palace of South Vietnam, and the regime of South Vietnam was destroyed. The Vietnam War ended in the complete failure of the United States.