From the outside, this structure is like a big tree, with branches, leaves and fruits. For another example, the knowledge tree is like a traffic map of China.
The first level of knowledge is like a province, the second level is like a city, the third level is like a county, and there are more detailed knowledge cells under the third level, just like a town. In this way, students can drive the car of thinking, gallop on the Yuan Ye of knowledge, and conquer the goal of Chinese knowledge level by level, so as not to be confused about Chinese knowledge.
The Chinese knowledge learned by primary and secondary school students is also a system, which is also like a big tree. If we sketch it out, it will become a "China knowledge tree".
2. How is Chinese knowledge constructed? (1) declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge Modern information processing psychology divides generalized knowledge into two categories: one is declarative knowledge, which is what we usually call narrow knowledge to answer the question "What is the world?". Most of the "literary common sense" and "classical Chinese knowledge" in the "Chinese knowledge tree" are this kind of knowledge; One is proceduralknowledge, which is what we often call ability, to answer the question of "how to do it".
The "basic knowledge" and "reading and writing" in the "Chinese knowledge tree" contain a lot of procedural knowledge. For example, after students understand what metaphor is, they should be instructed how to use this rhetorical device. (2) External knowledge structure and internal cognitive structure The Chinese Knowledge Tree is helpful for students to form a certain cognitive structure in terms of its presentation.
Cognitive structure is a very important concept in cognitive psychology. Ausubel believes that the so-called cognitive structure is the knowledge structure in students' minds.
We can also call it the internal knowledge structure of students, which is transformed from the external knowledge structure, so how to organize knowledge is extremely important. Ausubel also believes that "continuous differentiation" and "comprehensive integration" are two principles of human cognitive organization.
These two principles also apply to the organization and presentation of knowledge. (3) Subject knowledge The focus of subject education in China has always been on the basis of transferring knowledge to students.
Since it is to transfer knowledge, subject experts naturally become the people who know best what teachers should teach and students should learn. Therefore, our teaching materials are also arranged according to the needs of mastering subject knowledge, which means that the value orientation of our course content is subject knowledge.
China Knowledge Tree is the embodiment of this value orientation. Since the emergence of curriculum as an independent research field, the interpretation of curriculum content mainly revolves around three different orientations.
In addition to "course content is subject knowledge", there are also value orientations such as "course content is the experience of contemporary social life" and "course content is the experience of learners". In the history of curriculum theory development, no matter which viewpoint scholars advocate, they rarely completely deny other viewpoints.
As far as the teaching of Chinese knowledge is concerned, perhaps what we should pursue is how to pay more attention to students, making it the result of students' active choice and transforming it into the demand of students' personality development. 3. Where can I draw a knowledge tree in Chinese teaching? The knowledge tree of the whole textbook; Unit textbook knowledge tree; Use different kinds of trees in one class.
In the teaching practice of "unit integration and group reading", it is necessary to draw a unit knowledge tree. 4. How to draw a knowledge tree? According to the different knowledge structure, we can draw it into the shape of palm, star, fruit, robot, octopus and so on.
Draw an example of the knowledge tree of the whole textbook. Main part: Chinese book 1 1.
There are eight branches on the first floor, which are unit themes from Unit 1 to Unit 8, such as A Journey to Fairy Tales and Fables. The second level is the training focus of each unit, such as "understanding the emotion and philosophy contained in the author's fairy tales and fables." The third layer is the title of each unit.
The fourth layer is the text type. The third layer can also be the content and exercises of the Chinese class in this unit.
Draw an example of a unit knowledge tree. Trunk: unit theme.
Such as: warm memories. There is a fork on the first floor: the focus of unit training; There are six branches on the second floor, including Five Topics and Hundred Flowers Garden. The third layer can be divided into three branches, namely, the main content, the writing method of this lesson and reading comprehension; The main content of the four layers can also be divided into the structure of words, and the feeling can be divided into the appreciation of beautiful words.
Example of knowledge tree in the teaching practice of "unit integration and group reading": draw an example of knowledge tree in each class. It can be divided into two types, one is the structure diagram and the other is the harvest diagram.
Let's talk about the structure diagram first. Trunk: subject, the main content of the first layer, is just a branch; The second layer is to divide the text into several parts (that is, the meaning of the meaning paragraph), and several paragraphs are divided into several branches; The third layer is the sense of hierarchy of each part, some with and some without, drawn according to their own understanding of the text; The fourth layer is the key words of each paragraph.
Harvest map. Trunk: main body; The first layer is divided into three branches: main content, learning comprehension and writing methods; The second layer is to deduce the meaning of the paragraph from the main content, the key sentences and feelings from the study of literature, and the beautiful words from the writing method; The meaning of the third layer can be deduced from the meaning of the layer or keyword.
5. The application of "Chinese knowledge tree" in China In the late 1970s, Wei Shusheng, a teacher, felt that there were too many examination questions in Chinese education at that time, and the teaching lacked order, which led students to draw them. Its origin is mainly based on two characteristics of Chinese class: "First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design thousands of examination questions around it.
Second, every text, even a masterpiece, you missed the class during the lecture. As long as you have a good foundation, you will still get excellent results in the final or entrance examination. "From the second feature, Wei Shusheng saw that" the knowledge of Chinese subject is also regular and has a stable structure ".
By mastering these rules, students will be able to cope with the changes in the exam, and students will not have to do a lot of exercises. Based on this, in 1979, teacher Wei Shusheng began to guide students to draw the structure diagram of Chinese knowledge. After discussion, they chose the tree structure, read through six junior high school Chinese textbooks and drew a "Chinese knowledge tree".
Although there are many opinions in the process of painting.
2. How to draw a Chinese knowledge tree in the third grade of primary school "Chinese knowledge tree" came into being in the late 1970s. At that time, the current situation of Chinese education problems flooding and the lack of order in teaching led students to draw them. Its origin is mainly based on two characteristics of Chinese class: "First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design thousands of examination questions around it. Second, every text, even a masterpiece, you missed the class during the lecture. As long as the foundation is good, the final or entrance exam will still be excellent. " [1] From the second feature, Mr. Wei Shusheng saw that "the knowledge of Chinese is also regular and has a stable structure". [2] Mastering these rules, students can constantly change in the exam, and students don't have to do a lot of exercises.
There are 22 items in four parts, 13 1 knowledge points: the four parts are "classical Chinese knowledge", "basic knowledge", "reading and writing" and "literary common sense" in turn. Classical Chinese knowledge includes notional words, function words, Chinese characters and sentence patterns. Basic knowledge includes writing, sentences, rhetoric, punctuation, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and logic. Reading and writing include six items: center, structure, language, material, expression and genre. Literary common sense includes ancient, modern, contemporary and foreign countries. Each item contains many knowledge points *** 13 1.
The Chinese knowledge tree of the third grade of primary school is as follows:
3. How to make a Chinese knowledge tree into a knowledge tree is essentially a hierarchical knowledge map, which expresses the causal relationship or subordinate relationship between all related organizational knowledge in order to achieve an organizational goal. Hierarchical knowledge map is widely used because of its symmetry, good graphics and continuity.
The knowledge tree of Chinese came into being in the late 1970s, which was drawn by Wei Shusheng, a teacher who felt that there were too many examination questions in Chinese education at that time, and there was a lack of order in teaching. Its origin is mainly based on two characteristics of Chinese class: "First, every text, even the simplest text, people can design thousands of examination questions around it. Second, every text, even a masterpiece, you missed the class during the lecture. As long as the foundation is good, the final or entrance exam will still be excellent. " [1] From the second feature, Mr. Wei Shusheng saw that "the knowledge of Chinese is also regular and has a stable structure". [2] Mastering these rules, students can constantly change in the exam, and students don't have to do a lot of exercises.
Based on this, in 1979, teacher Wei Shusheng began to guide students to draw the structure diagram of Chinese knowledge. After discussion, they chose the tree structure, read through six junior high school Chinese textbooks and drew a "Chinese knowledge tree". Although there are different opinions in the process of painting, it is basically determined to be four parts, 22 items, 13 1 knowledge points: the four parts are classical Chinese knowledge, basic knowledge, reading and writing and literary common sense in turn. Classical Chinese knowledge includes notional words, function words, Chinese characters and sentence patterns. Basic knowledge includes writing, sentences, rhetoric, punctuation, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar and logic. Reading and writing include six items: center, structure, language, material, expression and genre. Literary common sense includes ancient, modern, contemporary and foreign countries. Each item contains many knowledge points *** 13 1.
4. How to draw a Chinese knowledge tree?
First, the basic knowledge:
1, word: homophone, disyllabic, synonymous, polysemy, similarity, dictionary, six books.
2. Sentences: statement, question, conciseness, numerals, passivity, command, exclamation, ownerless, initiative and negation.
3. Rhetoric: analogy, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, quotation, metaphor, exaggeration, metonymy, contrast, irony and rhetorical question.
4. Punctuation symbols: period, pause, colon, exclamation point, bracket, dash, title, bullet, comma, semicolon, question mark, quotation mark, ellipsis, hyphen and interval.
5. Phonetics: initials, finals, pinyin scheme, Mandarin and tones.
6. Vocabulary: word structure, word explanation, synonyms, antonyms, commendatory words, derogatory words and idioms.
7. Grammar: parts of speech, phrases, simple sentences and complex sentences.
8. Logic: concept, judgment and reasoning.
Second, reading and writing.
1. Material: vivid, typical, central, novel and true.
2. Forms of expression: lyricism, discussion, narration, description and explanation.
3. Genre: script, poem, novel, prose, practical writing, expository writing, argumentative writing and narrative writing.
4. Center: vivid, correct, concentrated and profound.
5. Structure: hierarchy, beginning, transition, paragraph, end and care.
6. Language: accurate, vivid, concise and fluent.
Third, literary common sense.
1. Ancient times: Pre-Qin, Qin and Han Dynasties, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.
2. Modernity: Since the May 4th Movement, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation.
3. Contemporary: before the anti-rightist movement, before and after the Cultural Revolution.
4. Abroad: Asia, America and Europe.
Four, classical Chinese knowledge:
1. Characters: ancient and modern characters, variant characters, simplified characters, interchangeable characters.
2. Sentence patterns: judgment sentence, ellipsis sentence, passive sentence, inversion sentence.
3. Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers and pronouns.
4. Adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections.
5. Seek a Chinese knowledge tree.
First, the basic knowledge:
1, pronunciation: pay attention to polyphonic words and some words and phrases that are easy to mispronounce; This should be accumulated consciously in peacetime, and it is best to find a notebook to write it down.
2. Six Written Chinese Characters: "Six Books" refers to six methods of creating Chinese characters in ancient China, namely pictograph, fingering, knowing, pictophonetic characters, transliteration, borrowing, familiar books and examples.
3. Vocabulary: You can distinguish the usage of different synonyms and idioms (judging whether the idioms used are right or wrong according to the meaning will be found in multiple-choice questions)
Sentence: I can make some couplets and figurative sentences. ...
5. Grammar:
(1) Part of speech: According to whether words can be used as sentence components, words in modern Chinese can be divided into two categories: content words and function words. Any word that can serve as a sentence component alone is a notional word, and any word that cannot serve as a sentence component alone is a function word.
Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, distinguishing words, numerals, quantifiers, adverbs, pronouns, exclamations and onomatopoeias. Function words include prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and modal particles, totaling *** 14.
(2) Structure of phrases: master five basic structural types of phrases (coordinate, radical, verb-object, verb-complement and subject-predicate), and understand several special structural types of phrases (object-object, word, orientation, will, compound reference, concurrent language, progressive verb, etc.). )
(3) Single sentence: the components of a single sentence: subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial and complement. Know how to divide and summarize the trunk.
(4) Complex sentences: Complex sentences can be divided into parallel complex sentences, successive complex sentences, progressive complex sentences, selective complex sentences, turning complex sentences, causal complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between cause and result), conditional complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between condition and result) and hypothetical complex sentences (clauses indicate the relationship between hypothesis and result).
6. Rhetoric: Common figures of speech: quotation, repetition, irony, personification, exaggeration, contrast, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, metaphor, metonymy), logic and punctuation.
Second, classical Chinese: words, notional words, function words and sentence patterns.
The requirement of junior high school is to understand the general idea of ancient Chinese with the help of reference books, with the emphasis on the process of memory and accumulation.
Classical Chinese vocabulary commonly used in senior high school:
(1) notional words (120)
Ai 'an was valued by the soldiers, and once took advantage of sincerity to take the blame and resign, which was full of dangers.
If you don't cover up the past, you won't care about returning to China. Why do you hate Hu's illness or illness?
If you see a solution between holidays, it is a pity to give up the spectator class. Momo was the poor man who moved in during that transitional period.
Persuasion is like saying, if you are good and less involved in winning knowledge, it is appropriate to publish a book.
Su Tang cried to death, Wang Wang looked at evil, Xie Xinxing Xing Xingxiu Xu Yang.
It is necessary to leave things that are easy to be negative and right to create knowledge and quality and to rule thieves.
Function words (15)
And what you do depends on what you do and what you do.
Third, literary common sense: foreign, ancient, modern and contemporary. Is the original name, place of origin, and what works the writer has written in the text he studied.