2. Basic characteristics
The absolute time is not long, but the metabolic rhythm is extremely fast and the historical connotation is very rich.
The absolute time of this history is not long, but it is a historical period of intense social turmoil, extremely sharp and complicated internal and external contradictions and struggles, and extremely rapid social changes. After the late Qing dynasty, the provisional government of the Republic of China, the rule of Beiyang warlords, and the national government had a fast pace of metabolism. It is full of contradictions and struggles between aggression and anti-aggression, oppression and anti-oppression, change and counter-change, revolution and counter-revolution, and its historical connotation is extremely rich.
Modern China evolved from ancient China. Therefore, the modern history of China is the continuation and development of the ancient history of China, and it is an integral part of the general history of China. It can be found that some factors that dominate the changes of China's traditional society, such as traditional political system, feudal kingship and traditional culture, are still playing a role in modern society and have had an important impact on shaping the historical features of modern China. On the other hand, the development of modern history has its own characteristics. One of the important factors is the encounter with western capitalism and the opening of the country. China was forcibly involved in the development process of world capitalism and became a part of the world capitalist system. Therefore, the history of China is not only the history of the development and evolution of China society itself, but also the history of the exchange and collision between Chinese and Western civilizations. It is the history of China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from formation to disintegration, the history of the Chinese nation conforming to the world trend and striving for national independence and national liberation, and the history of China's exploration of the road to modernization and its difficult transition from tradition to modernity. In a sense, the collision, communication and mutual integration of Chinese and Western cultures are the key points that should be understood and grasped in the teaching of modern history in China.
In addition, it should be noted that the modern history is a history that has just passed away, which has a great influence on modern China and directly determines the development direction of modern China. Many phenomena in present reality can be found in modern history. On the contrary, understanding the reality will often deepen our understanding of the history of modern China. Therefore, when studying the modern history of China, we should grasp the development of modern China from the angles of ancient and modern, Chinese and western, old and new, traditional and modern, so as to clarify the context of historical evolution.
Therefore, when compiling, we always closely follow the historical theme of independence and modernization to construct the framework of teaching materials, and pay attention to cultivating students' historical synaesthesia, so that students can understand the historical journey of modern China through historical events, figures and historical phenomena, and understand how generations of people with lofty ideals struggled and explored to save the nation and revitalize China, how difficult and tortuous these struggles and explorations were, and what lessons they left us, from which they really realized that "only socialism can".
3. Style arrangement of teaching materials
This textbook consists of 7 units and 25 lessons. Among them, four inquiry activity classes are inserted into each unit. The first five units basically introduce the historical development process in chronological order, which is actually the style of general history; The last two units "economy and social life" and "science and technology and ideology and culture" are special history. This arrangement not only takes into account the requirements of curriculum standards, but also includes our understanding of the social development process of China in 1 10.
The first five units are divided into two parts: the first and second units introduce the history of the first 80 years, including two interrelated clues: one clue is how China fell step by step, that is, how China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from an independent and complete feudal society; Another clue is how China rose from the sink and got rid of being colonized and enslaved, that is, how the people of China fought for national independence and liberation and explored the road to modernization. Generally speaking, the former line describes the decline and decline of modern China, while the latter line describes the rise and progress of China.
The third, fourth and fifth units are about the history of the last thirty years, that is, the history of China's new-democratic revolution. There are several lines in this history: first, the establishment of China's * * * production party and the people's revolutionary struggle led by it; Second, the history of ending the rule of Beiyang warlords, the establishment of national unified political power by the Kuomintang and the collapse of rule in the mainland; The third is imperialist aggression. These clues do not exist in isolation, but are intertwined. The relationship and contradiction between them are sometimes intensified and sometimes eased, and they are constantly evolving. * * * has shaped the history of the past 30 years. Textbooks are generally arranged in chronological order, trying to reveal the complicated contradictions and the basic track of historical evolution in this period.
Second, closely follow the historical theme of modern China.
The relationship between independence and modernization. The basic theme of modern history is to strive for national independence and national modernization. Independence and modernization are not isolated from each other, but complement each other. China has been invaded repeatedly since modern times, and gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society from a sovereign and independent country. Therefore, striving for national independence is the primary task of the people of China. However, the acquisition of national independence needs to be based on national strength, and there is no other way to improve China's national strength except to realize modernization.
1. Pay attention to reveal the characteristics and harm of foreign powers' invasion of China and its influence on modern China.
The development of foreign powers' invasion of China is characterized by its growing scale and deepening degree. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was an important turning point for foreign powers to invade China. Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the invasion of China by foreign powers was mainly naked military aggression, and its main purpose was to open the door to China. Since then, military aggression has been combined with political aggression and economic aggression to gain more economic and political rights and interests. In Liang Qichao's words, the invasion of the great powers changed from "visible division" to "invisible division". The so-called "tangible partition" mainly refers to cutting land and obtaining war reparations; "Invisible carve-up" mainly refers to setting up factories, mining roads, opening banks, giving political loans to the Qing government, and dividing "leased land" and spheres of influence in China. Compared with the former, the latter's attack means is more subtle and more harmful. By the end of 19, China is in danger of being dismembered. In order to reveal the characteristics of foreign powers' aggression against China and the crisis faced by China from the end of 19, we not only made an introduction in the form of tables, but also selected a map of the current situation from the "reading pictures" after class, which intuitively revealed the basic situation at that time.
Expose the cruelty and harm of foreign aggression. The fourth unit exposes the fascist crimes in Japan. The title of "Nanjing Massacre" was written in lesson 13, which was described in big characters and introduced in small characters, with pictures, enemy information (news reports and pictures of Japanese soldiers' "killing competition" in Tokyo Daily News), my [exposure of Kuomintang military doctors (1)] and third-party information [irrefutable evidence (2) about. The arrangement of such materials objectively and comprehensively exposes the evil acts of Japanese fascism, which is very convincing and strongly refutes the attempts of Japanese right-wingers to distort history.
2. Pay attention to the tortuous course of national struggle, show the unyielding national spirit of the Chinese nation, and correctly sum up historical experience.
Where there is aggression, there is resistance. All acts aimed at resisting aggression and saving the nation from peril are struggles. The struggle embodies the indomitable national spirit of the Chinese nation. Therefore, in a sense, a modern history is a history of China's struggle. In the textbook, we write about resistance with emotion. For example, in the second lesson, when writing about the border crisis, we introduced Zuo's "Yu Yunyuan's Collection"; When I wrote about the Sino-Japanese War, I wrote about Deng Shichang's self-destruction. The fourth unit "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression", with a large number of examples and materials, highlights the Chinese nation's spirit of unity, courage, tenacity, fear of violence and courage to sacrifice.
There are various forms of struggle. Different forms of struggle have left people with different historical experiences. In this regard, textbooks not only introduce historical facts, but also properly summarize the experience of national struggle. For example, in the lesson 1, when describing Lin Zexu's struggle against Britain, while affirming his courage to resist foreign aggression, he also highlighted that he was "the first person who opened his eyes to see the world", in order to show that the combination of anti-aggression struggle and opening up new knowledge is the correct way of national struggle.
3. Try to reflect the tortuous course of social change in modern China, highlight the spirit of the Chinese nation to keep pace with the times, and let students realize that "only socialism can save China" is the correct historical choice of social change in China.
Basic characteristics of social change: In modern times, around the historical theme of anti-imperialism and feudalism and China's independence and prosperity, struggles and changes have emerged one after another, which can be described as surging. These changes show the characteristics of from the outside to the inside, from shallow to deep, overlapping and progressive. Generally speaking, the post-change is based on the profound reflection on the former change, and it is the criticism, inheritance and development of the former change. In the process of the former change, it often contains some reasonable contents that conform to the historical development trend, but it has surpassed it. These social changes reflect the spirit of the Chinese nation to keep pace with the times. Therefore, when compiling teaching materials, we try our best to vividly show the tortuous course of modern social changes, reveal the links and turning points between various changes, and clarify the role of each change in promoting China's modernization.
For example, when describing the people's anti-aggression struggle in China, on the one hand, we try to describe the historical track of China gradually becoming semi-colonial and semi-feudal, on the other hand, we try to explain the causal relationship between the two Opium Wars and the ideological trend of "learning from foreigners" and the rise of "Westernization Movement". The causal relationship between the failure of the Sino-Japanese War and the reform and improvement and the rise of the revolution; The historical twists and turns after the Revolution of 1911, the rise of the May 4th New Culture Movement, and the birth of the China * * * Production Party; The causal relationship between War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the post-war opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorship and the victory of the Liberation War. Guide students to fully understand the spirit of the times of China's continuous exploration and progress in modern times, and understand the historical truth that "the road is tortuous and the future is bright" from historical facts.
The historical journey of modern China was tortuous and difficult. From the struggle-failure-re-struggle, the Chinese nation gradually realized that learning from the achievements of human progress in the world must be suitable for China's national conditions, and China's exploration of independence and modernization must be combined with China's own practice. In the teaching materials, we not only pay attention to fully showing the historical journey of people with lofty ideals struggling to find the way to save the country in modern times, but also give historical affirmation and praise to historical figures and ideological and cultural concepts ahead of the trend of the times. At the same time, we also show the law of metabolism from the perspective of historical changes, sum up the historical limitations and lessons of those transitional links in the past, and let students experience why we finally chose the China * * * production party and its social reform from the historical sorrow of repeated failures, and understand that "only socialism can save China."
Third, strengthen ideological education.
The contents of the text strive to be reasonable and well-founded, introduce new historical materials and new research results as much as possible, excavate historical facts or cases with profound implications and ideological education functions, and give full play to the ideological education functions. Focusing on the central link of national conditions education, it emphasizes the organic infiltration of patriotism, national identity, national sense of hardship, correct understanding of social changes, the collapse of Chinese and Western cultures, the establishment of healthy personality and attitude towards life, and strengthens ideological and political education and moral education in various ways. The historical fact that the plan to buy advanced ships ran aground before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 led to an in-depth analysis of the lack of resistance of the Qing regime to foreign aggression, and explained that the incident had a psychological shock to a generation of teenagers with the feelings of the people at that time (Wu); After being defeated by Eight-Nation Alliance, Cixi's coquetry when meeting foreign ministers of various countries showed the diplomatic attitude of the Qing regime and paved the way for the history of the Revolution of 1911.
The photos, fine print and "reading card" in lesson 14 tell the story of Nie and two rescued Japanese girls. In particular, the letters to Japanese officers and men are simple, just, sincere and touching, which not only explain the situation, but also reprimand the evil of Japanese militarism, embody the international humanitarian spirit of the people of China, and form a sharp contrast with the brutality of the Japanese army. This information is an excellent textbook for China and Japan to correctly treat past historical issues, and it is also a powerful criticism of Japanese right-wing forces.
In the text, we have also appropriately added some famous sayings and ballads with ideological education significance, such as Tan Sitong's poems, Chen Duxiu's Quotations on Democracy and Science, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's famous song On the Songhua River, Ji Hongchang's martyrdom, Yang Hucheng's handwriting, Zhang Xueliang's message on anti-Japanese determination, eight hundred heroes Song, etc., in order to enhance students' patriotic feelings, national identity and nationality.
Four, set up two units to introduce the economy, social life, science and technology, ideology and culture of modern China.
Since modern times, the opening of the country and the influx of new things from all directions have promoted the exchange, collision and integration of Chinese and Western civilizations, thus promoting the great changes in economy, culture, education, science and technology and people's social life in modern China. Although these contents have been introduced in previous textbooks, they are all relatively brief. In fact, these changes are closely related to people's daily life. For example, the progress of transportation and communication means has changed people's daily life, promoted social and economic development and changed people's ideas; The development of mass media has great influence on the rapid transmission of information, the spread of cultural knowledge, the development of social education and the expansion of social life. Changes in social customs, including hairstyles, costumes, appellations and etiquette, all imply changes in social concepts, which is an inevitable requirement for the whole society to move from closed to open and from inequality to equality, and also a reflection of social progress. All these had a great influence on modern China and perfectly reflected the historical characteristics of modern China in the process of rapid social change and modernization.
So we arranged two units, * * * 7 lessons to introduce this knowledge. In the arrangement, we use the form of point to area and point to area to describe the reasons and process of these changes as concisely as possible, so that students can fully feel the speed of change in the past 100 years and realize the power and way of social change from the old and new changes. Part of the contents of these two units are written with emotional strokes. For example, 18 introduced the story of a group of national capitalists represented by Zhang Jian who unswervingly promoted the development of China's national industry when introducing "the tortuous development of national industry"; When introducing the development of modern science and technology, Lesson 23 describes that engineers and scientists such as Zhan, Hou, Li Hehua paved the way for the development of science and technology in China, hoping to inspire young students' patriotic enthusiasm and patriotism.
Message 2:
Unit 1 Aggression and Resistance
the opium war
1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War
1.1856-1860, in order to further open the market in China, the British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War. After occupying Beijing, they set fire to Yuanmingyuan.
2. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
3.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang
As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then south, slowly advancing and rushing out" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government set up a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War
1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, it signed the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China
1.1In the spring of 900, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
2. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization
Lesson 6 Westernization Movement
1. 19 During the 1960s and 1990s, the Westernization Movement of "learning from foreigners" took "striving for self-improvement" as the slogan in the early stage, and adopted western advanced production technology to establish a number of modern military industries, such as Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute, Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration and Fuzhou Shipping Bureau. Later, some civilian industries were set up under the slogan of "seeking wealth", such as the establishment of Li Hongzhang in Shanghai. Hubei textile layout and so on. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.
2. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on)
Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement
1.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" opened the prelude to the political reform.
2.1From June to September, 898, Emperor Guangxu promulgated a series of decrees, the content of which (P33): it is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.
Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution
1. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905 Established a unified revolutionary organization, China League, with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister, and adopted the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic republic and reforming the land system. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
2. 19 1 1 The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
Lesson 9 New Culture Movement
1. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, set off a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
2. 19 18. Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.
3. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the absolute negation or affirmation of the eastern and western cultures in the New Culture Movement influenced the later.
Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution
The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.
1.1965438+On May 4, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside, excluding national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
2.1921July The first congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) adopted the party's program, and determined that the party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize * * * productism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.
3. 1922. The Second National Congress of communist party, China decided that the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.
Northern Expedition (1926-1927)
Huangpu Military Academy was founded in 1. 1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.
2. 1926, the Northern Expedition of Guangdong National Government, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
3. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie. It relies on imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.
A single spark can start a prairie fire.
1.1927 August1day, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.
2.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the rural areas with weak enemy forces, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
The Red Army is not afraid of expeditions.
From 1. 1934 10 to 1936 10, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and carry out the Long March after failing to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression".
2. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution. This is the history of the party.
On the way of Long March, we crossed Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army and the Red First Army joined forces and declared the victory of the Long March over. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation
Unforgettable September 18
1. 193 1 When the September 18th Incident broke out, Chiang Kai-shek asked Zhang Xueliang, who was stationed in the northeast, to implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces were all occupied in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.
2. After the September 18th Incident, China put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the national government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted China's * * * and launched the "Xi Incident" in June1938+February 12 in order to force Jiang to resist Japan.
Better be dead than conquered people.
1. 1937, the Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which caused the July 7th Incident in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country, and Pingjin fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.
2.1937 65438+February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.
Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood
1. During the all-round anti-Japanese war, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * achieved a "great victory in Pingxing Pass", which was the first great victory since the anti-Japanese war; In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.
2. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,1April 945, the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an. The meeting mainly discussed the important issue of winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and what road China will take after the victory. Formulated the party's political line: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China Production Party.
3.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.
Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War
Civil war bonfire
1. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch a civil war against the people. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August +0945 to June +00, in order to strive for domestic peace as much as possible, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang.
2.1In June, 946, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.
3.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led the troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.
Strategic Armageddon
From1.1September 1948 to1June 1949, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people in small cars), and basically liberated the whole North China in early 1949. The victories in the three major battles of 46860.668686666 (P98) wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
2.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanjing, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
Unit 6 Economic and Social Life
The Development of Modern National Industry in China
Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis after the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, and set up a series of enterprises such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.
Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life
The most famous Chinese newspaper is Shenbao, 1872 was founded in Shanghai. The Commercial Press, 1897, established in Shanghai, is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
Unit 7 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture
Lesson 265438 +0 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1)
Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Zhangjing Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.
2. Hou, who uncovered the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
3. The representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times are Wei Yuan and Yan Fu. Wei Yuan compiled a book called Seaside Map, which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compiling was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills in controlling foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the Theory of Natural Evolution, stating that "natural selection is the only way to survive".
Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (2)
1. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.
2. 1905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.
3. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.